Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates comprising polyalkylene glycol, uses thereof, and methods of making same

ABSTRACT

A mixture of conjugates in which each conjugate in the mixture comprises an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that includes a polyalkylene glycol moiety is disclosed. The mixture may exhibit higher in vivo activity than a polydispersed mixture of similar conjugates. The mixture may also be more effective at surviving an in vitro model of intestinal digestion than polydispersed mixtures of similar conjugates. The mixture may also result in less inter-subject variability than polydispersed mixtures of similar conjugates.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to drug-oligomer conjugates, and, more particularly, to insulin drug-oligomer conjugates.

BACKGROUN OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Diabetes, a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, has been known since antiquity. Diabetes results from insufficient production of or reduced sensitivity to insulin. The insulin molecule consists of two chains of amino acids linked by disulfide bonds (mw 6,000). The β-cells of the pancreatic islets secrete a single chain precursor of insulin, known as proinsulin. Proteolysis of proinsulin results in removal of four basic amino acids (numbers 31, 32, 64 and 65 in the proinsulin chain: Arg, Arg, Lys, Arg respectively) and the connecting (“C”) polypeptide. In the resulting two-chain insulin molecule, the A chain has glycine at the amino terminus, and the B chain has phenylalanine at the amino terminus.

[0003] Insulin may exist as a monomer, dimer or a hexamer formed from three of the dimers. The hexamer is coordinated with two Zn²⁺ atoms. Biological activity resides in the monomer. Although until recently bovine and porcine insulin were used almost exclusively to treat diabetes in humans, numerous variations in insulin between species are known. Porcine insulin is most similar to human insulin, from which it differs only in having an alanine rather than threonine residue at the B-chain C-terminus. Despite these differences most mammalian insulin has comparable specific activity. Until recently animal extracts provided all insulin used for treatment of the disease. The advent of recombinant technology allows commercial scale manufacture of human insulin (e.g., Humulin™ insulin, commercially available from Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Id.).

[0004] Insulin is necessary for normal utilization of glucose by most cells in the body. In persons with diabetes, the normal ability to use glucose is inhibited, thereby increasing blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). As glucose accumulates in the blood, excess levels of sugar are excreted in the urine (glycosuria). Other symptoms of diabetes include increased urinary volume and frequency, thirst, itching, hunger, weight loss, and weakness.

[0005] There are two varieties of diabetes. Type I is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or IDDM. IDDM was formerly referred to as juvenile onset diabetes. In IDDM, insulin is not secreted by the pancreas and must be provided from an external source. Type II adult-onset diabetes can ordinarily be controlled by diet although in some advanced cases insulin is required.

[0006] Before the isolation of insulin in the 1920s, most patients died within a short time after onset. Untreated diabetes leads to ketosis, the accumulation of ketones, products of fat breakdown, in the blood; this is followed by acidosis (accumulation of acid in the blood) with nausea and vomiting. As the toxic products of disordered carbohydrate and fat metabolism continue to build up, the patient goes into diabetic coma.

[0007] Treatment of diabetes typically requires regular injections of insulin. The use of insulin as a treatment for diabetes dates to 1922, when Banting et al. (“Pancreatic Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus,” Can. Med. Assoc. J., 12: 141-146 (1922)) showed that the active extract from the pancreas had therapeutic effects in diabetic dogs. Treatment of a diabetic patient in that same year with pancreatic extracts resulted in a dramatic, life-saving clinical improvement. Due to the inconvenience of insulin injections, massive efforts to improve insulin administration and bioassimilation have been undertaken.

[0008] Attempts have been made to deliver insulin by oral administration. The problems associated with oral administration of insulin to achieve euglycemia in diabetic patients are well documented in pharmaceutical and medical literature. Digestive enzymes in the GI tract rapidly degrade insulin, resulting in biologically inactive breakdown products. In the stomach, for example, orally administered insulin undergoes enzymatic proteolysis and acidic degradation. Survival in the intestine is hindered by excessive proteolysis. In the lumen, insulin is barraged by a variety of enzymes including gastric and pancreatic enzymes, exo- and endopeptidases, and brush border peptidases. Even if insulin survives this enzymatic attack, the biological barriers that must be traversed before insulin can reach its receptors in vivo may limit oral administration of insulin. For example, insulin may possess low membrane permeability, limiting its ability to pass from the lumen into the bloodstream.

[0009] Pharmaceutically active polypeptides such as insulin have been conjugated with polydispersed mixtures of polyethylene glycol or polydispersed mixtures of polyethylene glycol containing polymers to provide polydispersed mixtures of drug-oligomer conjugates. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337 to Davis et al. proposes conjugating polypeptides such as insulin with various polyethylene glycols such as MPEG-1900 and MPEG-5000 supplied by Union Carbide.

[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,422 to Greenwald proposes the conjugation of biologically active nucleophiles with polyethylene glycols such as m-PEG-OH (Union Carbide), which has a number average molecular weight of 5,000 Daltons.

[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,030 to Ekwuribe proposes conjugating polypeptides such as insulin with polyethylene glycol modified glycolipid polymers and polyethylene glycol modified fatty acid polymers. The number average molecular weight of polymer resulting from each combination is preferred to be in the range of from about 500 to about 10,000 Daltons.

[0012] Polyethylene glycol is typically produced by base-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide. The reaction is initiated by adding ethylene oxide to ethylene glycol, with potassium hydroxide as catalyst. This process results in a polydispersed mixture of polyethylene glycol polymers having a number average molecular weight within a given range of molecular weights. For example, PEG products offered by Sigrna-Aldrich of Milwaukee, Wisconsin are provided in polydispersed mixtures such as PEG 400 (M_(n) 380-420); PEG 1,000 (M_(n) 950-1,050); PEG 1,500 (M_(n) 1,400-1,600); and PEG 2,000 (M_(n) 1,900-2,200).

[0013] It is desirable to provide non-polydispersed mixtures of insulin-oligomer conjugates where the oligomer comprises polyethylene glycol.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0014] It has unexpectedly been discovered that a non-polydispersed mixture of insulin-oligomer conjugates comprising polyethylene glycol according to embodiments of the present invention exhibits higher in vivo activity than a polydispersed mixture of similar conjugates having the same number average molecular weight. This heightened activity may result in lower dosage requirements. Moreover, a non-polydispersed mixture of insulin-oligomer conjugates comprising polyethylene glycol according to embodiments of the present invention is typically more effective at surviving an in vitro model of intestinal digestion than polydispersed mixtures of similar conjugates. Furthermore, non-polydispersed mixtures of insulin-oligomer conjugates comprising polyethylene glycol according to embodiments of the present invention also typically result in less inter-subject variability than polydispersed mixtures of similar conjugates.

[0015] According to embodiments of the present invention, a substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates each comprising an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety is provided. The polyethylene glycol moiety preferably has at least two, three, or four polyethylene glycol subunits and, most preferably, has at least seven polyethylene glycol subunits. The oligomer preferably further comprises a lipophilic moiety. The insulin drug is preferably human insulin. The oligomer is preferably covalently coupled to Lys^(B29) of the human insulin. The conjugate is preferably amphiphilically balanced such that the conjugate is aqueously soluble and able to penetrate biological membranes. The mixture is preferably a monodispersed mixture and is most preferably a purely monodispersed mixture. In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises a first polyethylene glycol moiety covalently coupled to the insulin by a non-hydrolyzable bond and a second polyethylene glycol moiety covalently coupled to the first polyethylene glycol moiety by a hydrolyzable bond.

[0016] According to other embodiments of the present invention, a substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates is provided where each conjugate includes human insulin covalently coupled at Lys^(B29) of the human insulin to a carboxylic acid moiety of an oligomer that comprises hexanoic acid covalently coupled at the end distal to the carboxylic acid moiety to a methyl terminated polyethylene glycol moiety having at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.

[0017] Substantially monodispersed mixtures of conjugates according to these embodiments of the present invention preferably have improved properties when compared with those of polydispersed mixtures. In one embodiment, a substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates is provided where each conjugate comprises an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer including a polyethylene glycol moiety, and the mixture has an in vivo activity that is greater than the in vivo activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the substantially monodispersed mixture.

[0018] In another embodiment, a substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates is provided where each conjugate comprises an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer including a polyethylene glycol moiety, and the mixture has an in vitro activity that is greater than the in vitro activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the substantially monodispersed mixture.

[0019] In still another embodiment, a substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates is provided where each conjugate comprises an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer including a polyethylene glycol moiety, and the mixture has an increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin when compared to the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the substantially monodispersed mixture.

[0020] In yet another embodiment, a substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates is provided where each conjugate comprises an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer including a polyethylene glycol moiety, and the mixture has an inter-subject variability that is less than the inter-subject variability of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the substantially monodispersed mixture.

[0021] Substantially monodispersed mixtures of conjugates according to embodiments of the present invention preferably have two or more of the above-described properties. More preferably, substantially monodispersed mixtures of conjugates according to embodiments of the present invention have three or more of the above-described properties. Most preferably, substantially monodispersed mixtures of conjugates according to embodiments of the present invention have all four of the above-described properties.

[0022] According to still other embodiments of the present invention, a mixture of conjugates is provided where each conjugate includes an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety, and the mixture has a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons.

[0023] According to yet other embodiments of the present invention, a mixture of conjugates is provided where each conjugate includes an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety, and the mixture has a dispersity coefficient (DC) greater than 10,000 where ${DC} = \frac{\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}^{2}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}N_{i}}}} - \left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}$

[0024] wherein:

[0025] n is the number of different molecules in the sample;

[0026] N_(i) is the number of ith molecules in the sample; and

[0027] M_(i) is the mass of the ith molecule.

[0028] According to other embodiments of the present invention, a mixture of conjugates is provided in which each conjugate includes an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer and has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits.

[0029] According to still other embodiments of the present invention, a mixture of conjugates is provided in which each conjugate is the same and has the formula:

Insulin Drug [—B—L_(j)—G_(k)—R—G′_(m)—R′—G″_(n)—T]_(p)  (A)

[0030] wherein:

[0031] B is a bonding moiety;

[0032] L is a linker moiety;

[0033] G, G′ and G″ are individually selected spacer moieties;

[0034] R is a lipophilic moiety and R′ is a polyalkylene glycol moiety, or R′ is the lipophilic moiety and R is the polyalkylene glycol moiety;

[0035] T is a terminating moiety;

[0036] j, k, m and n are individually 0 or 1; and

[0037] p is an integer between 1 and the number of nucleophilic residues on the insulin drug.

[0038] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising conjugate mixtures of the present invention as well as methods of treating an insulin deficiency in a subject in need of such treatment by administering an effective amount of such pharmaceutical compositions are also provided. Additionally, methods of synthesizing such conjugate mixtures are provided.

[0039] Insulin-oligomer conjugate mixtures according to embodiments of the present invention may provide increased in vivo activity and/or lowered inter-subject variability and/or decreased degradation by chymotrypsin when compared to conventional polydispersed insulin-oligomer conjugate mixtures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040]FIG. 1 illustrates a generic scheme for synthesizing a mixture of activated polymers comprising a polyethylene glycol moiety and a fatty acid moiety according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0041]FIG. 2 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing a mixture of mPEG according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0042]FIG. 3 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing a mixture of activated mPEG7-hexyl oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0043]FIG. 4 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing a mixture of activated mPEG7-octyl oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0044]FIG. 5 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing a mixture of activated mPEG-decyl oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0045]FIG. 6 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing a mixture of activated stearate-PEG6 oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0046]FIG. 7 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing a mixture of activated stearate-PEG8 oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0047]FIG. 8 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing a mixture of activated PEG3 oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0048]FIG. 9 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing a mixture of activated palmitate-PEG3 oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0049]FIG. 10 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing a mixture of activated PEG6 oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0050]FIG. 11 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing various propylene glycol monomers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0051]FIG. 12 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing various propylene glycol polymers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0052]FIG. 13 illustrates a scheme for synthesizing various propylene glycol polymers according to embodiments of the present invention;

[0053]FIG. 14 illustrates a comparison of results obtained with a Cytosensor® Microphysiometer, which provides an indication of the activity of a compound, for mixtures of insulin-oligomer conjugates according to embodiments of the present invention compared with polydispersed conjugate mixtures and insulin, which are provided for comparison purposes only and do not form part of the invention;

[0054]FIG. 15 illustrates a comparison of chymotrypsin degradation of insulin-oligomer conjugates according to embodiments of the present invention with a conventional polydispersed mixture of insulin-oligomer conjugates, which is provided for comparison purposes only and does not form part of the invention;

[0055]FIG. 16 illustrates the effect of a mixture of mPEG7-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugate, according to embodiments of the present invention on plasma glucose in fasted beagles;

[0056]FIG. 17 illustrates, for comparison purposes, the effect of a polydispersed mixture of mPEG7_(avg)-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugate, which is not part of the present invention, on plasma glucose in fasted beagles;

[0057]FIG. 18 illustrates the inter-subject variability of a mixture of mPEG4-hexyl-insulin monoconjugates according to embodiments of the present invention administered to fasted beagles;

[0058]FIG. 19 illustrates the inter-subject variability of a mixture of mPEG7-hexyl-insulin monoconjugates according to embodiments of the present invention administered to fasted beagles;

[0059]FIG. 20 illustrates the inter-subject variability for a mixture of mPEG10-hexyl-insulin monoconjugates according to embodiments of the present invention administered to fasted beagles; and

[0060]FIG. 21 illustrates, for comparison purposes, the inter-subject variability of a polydispersed mixture of mPEG7_(avg)-hexyl-insulin monoconjugates, which is not part of the present invention, administered to fasted beagles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0061] The invention will now be described with respect to preferred embodiments described herein. It should be appreciated however that these embodiments are for the purpose of illustrating the invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

[0062] As used herein, the term “non-polydispersed” is used to describe a mixture of compounds having a dispersity that is in contrast to the polydispersed mixtures described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337 to Davis et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,422 to Greenwald; U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,877 to Greenwald et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,030 to Ekwuribe.

[0063] As used herein, the term “substantially monodispersed” is used to describe a mixture of compounds wherein at least about 95 percent of the compounds in the mixture have the same molecular weight.

[0064] As used herein, the term “monodispersed” is used to describe a mixture of compounds wherein about 100 percent of the compounds in the mixture have the same molecular weight.

[0065] As used herein, the term “substantially purely monodispersed” is used to describe a mixture of compounds wherein at least about 95 percent of the compounds in the mixture have the same molecular weight and have the same molecular structure. Thus, a substantially purely monodispersed mixture is a substantially monodispersed mixture, but a substantially monodispersed mixture is not necessarily a substantially purely monodispersed mixture.

[0066] As used herein, the term “purely monodispersed” is used to describe a mixture of compounds wherein about 100 percent of the compounds in the mixture have the same molecular weight and have the same molecular structure. Thus, a purely monodispersed mixture is a monodispersed mixture, but a monodispersed mixture is not necessarily a purely monodispersed mixture.

[0067] As used herein, the term “weight average molecular weight” is defined as the sum of the products of the weight fraction for a given molecule in the mixture times the mass of the molecule for each molecule in the mixture. The “weight average molecular weight” is represented by the symbol M_(w).

[0068] As used herein, the term “number average molecular weight” is defined as the total weight of a mixture divided by the number of molecules in the mixture and is represented by the symbol M_(n).

[0069] As used herein, the term “dispersity coefficient” (DC) is defined by the formula: ${DC} = \frac{\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}^{2}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}N_{i}}}} - \left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}$

[0070] wherein:

[0071] n is the number of different molecules in the sample;

[0072] N_(i) is the number of i^(th) molecules in the sample; and

[0073] M_(i) is the mass of the i^(th) molecule.

[0074] As used herein, the term “intra-subject variability” means the variability in activity occurring within the same subject when the subject is administered the same dose of a drug or pharmaceutical composition at different times.

[0075] As used herein, the term “inter-subject variability” means the variability in activity between two or more subjects when each subject is administered the same dose of a given drug or pharmaceutical formulation.

[0076] As used herein, the term “insulin drug” means a drug possessing all or some of the biological activity of insulin.

[0077] As used herein, the term “insulin” means human insulin, bovine insulin, porcine insulin or whale insulin, provided by natural, synthetic, or genetically engineered sources.

[0078] As used herein, the term “insulin analog” means insulin wherein one or more of the amino acids have been replaced while retaining some or all of the activity of the insulin. The analog is described by noting the replacement amino acids with the position of the replacement as a superscript followed by a description of the insulin. For example, “Pro^(B29) insulin, human” means that the lysine typically found at the B29 position of a human insulin molecule has been replaced with proline.

[0079] Insulin analogs may be obtained by various means, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. For example, certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids in the insulin structure without appreciable loss of interactive binding capacity with structures such as, for example, antigen-binding regions of antibodies or binding sites on substrate molecules. As the interactive capacity and nature of insulin defines its biological functional activity, certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in the amino acid sequence and nevertheless remain a polypeptide with like properties.

[0080] In making such substitutions, the hydropathic index of amino acids may be considered. The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biologic function on a polypeptide is generally understood in the art. It is accepted that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid contributes to the secondary structure of the resultant polypeptide, which in turn defines the interaction of the protein with other molecules, for example, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens, and the like. Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics as follows: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2); leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine/cystine (+2.5); methionine (+1.9); alanine (+1.8); glycine (−0.4); threonine (−0.7); serine (−0.8); tryptophan (−0.9); tyrosine (−1.3); proline (−1.6); histidine (−3.2); glutamate (−3.5); glutamine (−3.5); aspartate (−3.5); asparagine (−3.5); lysine (−3.9); and arginine (−4.5). As will be understood by those skilled in the art, certain amino acids may be substituted by other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still result in a polypeptide with similar biological activity, i.e., still obtain a biological functionally equivalent polypeptide. In making such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within ±2 of each other is preferred, those which are within ±1 of each other are particularly preferred, and those within ±0.5 of each other are even more particularly preferred.

[0081] It is also understood in the art that the substitution of like amino acids can be made effectively on the basis of hydrophilicity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101 provides that the greatest local average hydrophilicity of a protein, as governed by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with a biological property of the protein. As detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, the following hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (±3.0); lysine (±3.0); aspartate (+3.0±1); glutamate (+3.0±1); seine (±0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2); glycine (0); threonine (−0.4); proline (−0.5±1); alanine (−0.5); histidine (−0.5); cysteine (−1.0); methionine (−1.3); valine (−1.5); leucine (−1.8); isoleucine (−1.8); tyrosine (−2.3); phenylalanine (−2.5); tryptophan (−3.4). As is understood by those skilled in the art, an amino acid can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value and still obtain a biologically equivalent, and in particular, an immunologically equivalent polypeptide. In such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within ±2 of each other is preferred, those which are within ±1 of each other are particularly preferred, and those within +0.5 of each other are even more particularly preferred.

[0082] As outlined above, amino acid substitutions are generally therefore based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and the like. Exemplary substitutions (i.e., amino acids that may be interchanged without significantly altering the biological activity of the polypeptide) that take various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include, for example: arginine and lysine; glutamate and aspartate; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and valine, leucine and isoleucine.

[0083] As used herein, the term “insulin fragment” means a segment of the amino acid sequence found in the insulin that retains some or all of the activity of the insulin. Insulin fragments are denoted by stating the position(s) in an amino acid sequence followed by a description of the amino acid. For example, a “B25-B30 human insulin” fragment would be the six amino acid sequence corresponding to the B25, B26, B27, B28, B29 and B30 positions in the human insulin amino acid sequence.

[0084] As used herein, the term “insulin fragment analog” means a segment of the amino acid sequence found in the insulin molecule wherein one or more of the amino acids in the segment have been replace while retaining some or all of the activity of the insulin.

[0085] As used herein, the term “PEG” refers to straight or branched polyethylene glycol polymers, and includes the monomethylether of polyethylene glycol (mPEG). The terms “PEG subunit” and polyethylene glycol subunit refer to a single polyethylene glycol unit, i.e., —(CH₂CH₂O)—.

[0086] As used herein, the term “lipophilic” means the ability to dissolve in lipids and/or the ability to penetrate, interact with and/or traverse biological membranes, and the term, “lipophilic moiety” or “lipophile” means a moiety which is lipophilic and/or which, when attached to another chemical entity, increases the lipophilicity of such chemical entity. Examples of lipophilic moieties include, but are not limited to, alkyls, fatty acids, esters of fatty acids, cholesteryl, adamantyl and the like.

[0087] As used herein, the term “lower alkyl” refers to substituted or unsubstituted alkyl moieties having from one to five carbon atoms.

[0088] As used herein, the term “higher alkyl” refers to substituted or unsubstituted alkyl moieties having six or more carbon atoms.

[0089] In embodiments of the present invention, a substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin-oligomer conjugates is provided. Preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the conjugates in the mixture have the same molecular weight. More preferably, the mixture is a monodispersed mixture. Even more preferably, the mixture is a substantially purely monodispersed mixture. Still more preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the conjugates in the mixture have the same molecular weight and have the same molecular structure. Most preferably, the mixture is a purely monodispersed mixture.

[0090] The insulin drug is preferably insulin. More preferably, the insulin drug is human insulin. However, it is to be understood that the insulin drug may be selected from various insulin drugs known to those skilled in the art including, for example, proinsulin, insulin analogs, insulin fragments, and insulin fragment analogs. Insulin analogs include, but are not limited to, Asp^(B28) human insulin, Lys^(B28) human insulin, Leu^(B28) human insulin, Val^(B28) human insulin, Ala^(B28) human insulin, ASP^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Leu^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Val^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Ala^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, as well as analogs provided using the substitution guidelines described above. Insulin fragments include, but are not limited to, B22-B30 human insulin, B23-B30 human insulin, B25-B30 human insulin, B26-B30 human insulin, B27-B30 human insulin, ^(B29)-B30 human insulin, the A chain of human insulin, and the B chain of human insulin. Insulin fragment analogs may be provided by substituting one or more amino acids as described above in an insulin fragment.

[0091] The oligomer may be various oligomers comprising a polyethylene glycol moiety as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety of the oligomer has at least 2, 3 or 4 polyethylene glycol subunits. More preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 5 or 6 polyethylene glycol subunits and, most preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.

[0092] The oligomer may comprise one or more other moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, additional hydrophilic moieties, lipophilic moieties, spacer moieties, linker moieties, and terminating moieties. The various moieties in the oligomer are covalently coupled to one another by either hydrolyzable or non-hydrolyzable bonds.

[0093] The oligomer may further comprise one or more additional hydrophilic moieties (i.e., moieties in addition to the polyethylene glycol moiety) including, but not limited to, sugars, polyalkylene oxides, and polyamine/PEG copolymers. As polyethylene glycol is a polyalkylene oxide, the additional hydrophilic moiety may be a polyethylene glycol moiety. Adjacent polyethylene glycol moieties will be considered to be the same moiety if they are coupled by an ether bond. For example, the moiety

—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—

[0094] is a single polyethylene glycol moiety having six polyethylene glycol subunits. If this moiety were the only hydrophilic moiety in the oligomer, the oligomer would not contain an additional hydrophilic moiety. Adjacent polyethylene glycol moieties will be considered to be different moieties if they are coupled by a bond other than an ether bond. For example, the moiety

[0095] is a polyethylene glycol moiety having four polyethylene glycol subunits and an additional hydrophilic moiety having two polyethylene glycol subunits. Preferably, oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention comprise a polyethylene glycol moiety and no additional hydrophilic moieties.

[0096] The oligomer may further comprise one or more lipophilic moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The lipophilic moiety is preferably a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched alkyl moiety or a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acid moiety. When the lipophilic moiety is an alkyl moiety, it is preferably a linear, saturated or unsaturated alkyl moiety having 1 to 28 carbon atoms. More preferably, the alkyl moiety has 2 to 12 carbon atoms. When the lipophilic moiety is a fatty acid moiety, it is preferably a natural fatty acid moiety that is linear, saturated or unsaturated, having 2 to 18 carbon atoms. More preferably, the fatty acid moiety has 3 to 14 carbon atoms. Most preferably, the fatty acid moiety has at least 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.

[0097] The oligomer may further comprise one or more spacer moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Spacer moieties may, for example, be used to separate a hydrophilic moiety from a lipophilic moiety, to separate a lipophilic moiety or hydrophilic moiety from the insulin drug, to separate a first hydrophilic or lipophilic moiety from a second hydrophilic or lipophilic moiety, or to separate a hydrophilic moiety or lipophilic moiety from a linker moiety. Spacer moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of sugar, cholesterol and glycerine moieties.

[0098] The oligomer may further comprise one or more linker moieties that are used to couple the oligomer with the insulin drug as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Linker moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of alkyl and fatty acid moieties.

[0099] The oligomer may firther comprise one or more terminating moieties at the one or more ends of the oligomer which are not coupled to the insulin drug. The terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, and is more preferably a lower alkyl or lower alkoxy moiety. Most preferably, the terminating moiety is methyl or methoxy. While the terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, it is to be understood that the terminating moiety may be various moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sugars, cholesterol, alcohols, and fatty acids.

[0100] The oligomer is preferably covalently coupled to the insulin drug. In some embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a hydrolyzable bond (e.g., an ester or carbonate bond). A hydrolyzable coupling may provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate that acts as a prodrug. In certain instances, for example where the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate is inactive (i.e., the conjugate lacks the ability to affect the body through the insulin drug's primary mechanism of action), a hydrolyzable coupling may provide for a time-release or controlled-release effect, administering the insulin drug over a given time period as one or more oligomers are cleaved from their respective insulin drug-oligomer conjugates to provide the active drug. In other embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a non-hydrolyzable bond (e.g., a carbamate, amide, or ether bond). Use of a non-hydrolyzable bond may be preferable when it is desirable to allow the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate to circulate in the bloodstream for an extended period of time, preferably at least 2 hours. When the oligomer is covalently coupled to the insulin drug, the oligomer further comprises one or more bonding moieties that are used to covalently couple the oligomer with the insulin drug as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Bonding moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of covalent bond(s), ester moieties, carbonate moieties, carbamate moieties, amide moieties and secondary amine moieties. More than one moiety on the oligomer may be covalently coupled to the insulin drug.

[0101] While the oligomer is preferably covalently coupled to the insulin drug, it is to be understood that the oligomer may be non-covalently coupled to the insulin drug to form a non-covalently conjugated insulin drug-oligomer complex. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, non-covalent couplings include, but are not limited to, hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, Van der Waals bonding, and micellular or liposomal encapsulation. According to embodiments of the present invention, oligomers may be suitably constructed, modified and/or appropriately functionalized to impart the ability for non-covalent conjugation in a selected manner (e.g., to impart hydrogen bonding capability), as will be understood by those skilled in the art. According to other embodiments of present invention, oligomers may be derivatized with various compounds including, but not limited to, amino acids, oligopeptides, peptides, bile acids, bile acid derivatives, fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives, salicylic acids, salicylic acid derivatives, aminosalicylic acids, and aminosalicylic acid derivatives. The resulting oligomers can non-covalently couple (complex) with drug molecules, pharmaceutical products, and/or pharmaceutical excipients. The resulting complexes preferably have balanced lipophilic and hydrophilic properties. According to still other embodiments of the present invention, oligomers may be derivatized with amine and/or alkyl amines. Under suitable acidic conditions, the resulting oligomers can form non-covalently conjugated complexes with drug molecules, pharmaceutical products and/or pharmaceutical excipients. The products resulting from such complexation preferably have balanced lipophilic and hydrophilic properties.

[0102] More than one oligomer (i.e., a plurality of oligomers) may be coupled to the insulin drug. The oligomers in the plurality are preferably the same. However, it is to be understood that the oligomers in the plurality may be different from one another, or, alternatively, some of the oligomers in the plurality may be the same and some may be different. When a plurality of oligomers are coupled to the insulin drug, it may be preferable to couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with hydrolyzable bonds and couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with non-hydrolyzable bonds. Alternatively, all of the bonds coupling the plurality of oligomers to the insulin drug may be hydrolyzable, but have varying degrees of hydrolyzability such that, for example, one or more of the oligomers is rapidly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body and one or more of the oligomers is slowly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body.

[0103] The oligomer may be coupled to the insulin drug at various nucleophilic residues of the insulin drug including, but not limited to, nucleophilic hydroxyl functions and/or amino functions. When the insulin drug is a polypeptide, a nucleophilic hydroxyl function may be found, for example, at serine and/or tyrosine residues, and a nucleophilic amino function may be found, for example, at histidine and/or lysine residues, and/or at the one or more N-termini of the polypeptide. When an oligomer is coupled to the one or more N-termini of the insulin polypeptide, the coupling preferably forms a secondary amine. When the insulin drug is human insulin, for example, the oligomer may be coupled to an amino functionality of the insulin, including the amino functionality of Gly^(A1), the amino functionality of Phe^(B1), and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When one oligomer is coupled to the human insulin, the oligomer is preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When two oligomers are coupled to the human insulin, the oligomers are preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Phe^(B1) and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). While more than one oligomer may be coupled to the human insulin, a higher activity (improved glucose lowering ability) is observed for the mono-conjugated human insulin.

[0104] Substantially monodispersed mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates of the present invention may be synthesized by various methods. For example, a substantially monodispersed mixture of oligomers consisting of carboxylic acid and polyethylene glycol is synthesized by contacting a substantially monodispersed mixture of carboxylic acid with a substantially monodispersed mixture of polyethylene glycol under conditions sufficient to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture of oligomers. The oligomers of the substantially monodispersed mixture are then activated so that they are capable of reacting with an insulin drug to provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate. One embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers is illustrated in FIG. 3 and described in Examples 11-18 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers is illustrated in FIG. 4 and described in Examples 19-24 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers is illustrated in FIG. 5 and described in Examples 25-29 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers is illustrated in FIG. 6 and described in Examples 30-31 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers is illustrated in FIG. 7 and described in Examples 32-37 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers is illustrated in FIG. 8 and described in Example 38 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers is illustrated in FIG. 9 and described in Example 39 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers is illustrated in FIG. 10 and described in Example 40 hereinbelow.

[0105] The substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers may be reacted with a substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin drugs under conditions sufficient to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. A preferred synthesis is described in Example 41 hereinbelow. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the reaction conditions (e.g., selected molar ratios, solvent mixtures and/or pH) may be controlled such that the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates resulting from the reaction of the substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers and the substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin drugs is a substantially monodispersed mixture. For example, conjugation at the amino functionality of lysine may be suppressed by maintaining the pH of the reaction solution below the pK_(a) of lysine. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated and isolated utilizing, for example, HPLC as described below in Example 50 to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates, for example mono-, di-, or tri-conjugates. The degree of conjugation (e.g., whether the isolated molecule is a mono-, di-, or tri-conjugate) of a particular isolated conjugate may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, mass spectroscopy. The particular conjugate structure (e.g., whether the oligomer is at Gly^(A1), Phe^(B1) or Lys^(B29) a human insulin monoconjugate) may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sequence analysis, peptide mapping, selective enzymatic cleavage, and/or endopeptidase cleavage.

[0106] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, one or more of the reaction sites on the insulin drug may be blocked by, for example, reacting the insulin drug with a suitable reagent such as N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC), or N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) (N-FMOC). This process may be preferred, for example, when the insulin drug is a polypeptide and it is desired to form an unsaturated conjugate (i.e., a conjugate wherein not all nucleophilic residues are conjugated) having an oligomer at one or more of the N-termini of the polypeptide. Following such blocking, the substantially monodispersed mixture of blocked insulin drugs may be reacted with the substantially monodispersed mixture of activated oligomers to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having oligomer(s) coupled to one or more nucleophilic residues and having blocking moieties coupled to other nucleophilic residues. After the conjugation reaction, the insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be de-blocked as will be understood by those skilled in the art. If necessary, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may then be separated as described above to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated prior to de-blocking.

[0107] According to other embodiments of the present invention, a substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates is provided where each conjugate includes human insulin covalently coupled at Lys^(B29) of the insulin to a carboxylic acid moiety of an oligomer that comprises hexanoic acid covalently coupled at the end distal to the carboxylic acid moiety to a methyl terminated polyethylene glycol moiety having at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits. Preferably each conjugate in the substantially monodispersed mixture consists of human insulin covalently coupled at Lys^(B29) of the insulin to a carboxylic acid moiety of an oligomer that consists of hexanoic acid covalently coupled at the end distal to the carboxylic acid moiety to a methyl terminated polyethylene glycol moiety having 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.

[0108] Substantially monodispersed mixtures of conjugates according to these embodiments of the present invention preferably have improved properties when compared with those of polydispersed mixtures. For example, a substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates preferably has an in vivo activity that is greater than the in vivo activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the substantially monodispersed mixture. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the substantially monodispersed mixture and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography such as gel permeation chromatography as described, for example, in H. R. Allcock & F. W. Lampe, CONTEMPORARY POLYMER CHEMISTRY 394-402 (2d. ed., 1991).

[0109] As another example, a substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates preferably has an in vitro activity that is greater than the in vitro activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the substantially monodispersed mixture. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the substantially monodispersed mixture and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography.

[0110] The in vitro activity of a particular mixture may be measured by various methods, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the in vitro activity is measured using a Cytosensor® Microphysiometer commercially available from Molecular Devices Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif. The microphysiometer monitors small changes in the rates of extracellular acidification in response to a drug being added to cultured cells in a transwell. This response is proportional to the activity of the molecule under study. Preferably, the in vitro activity of the substantially monodispersed mixture is at least about 5 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the in vitro activity of the substantially monodispersed mixture is at least about 10 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture.

[0111] As still another example, a substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates preferably has an increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin when compared to the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the substantially monodispersed mixture. Resistance to chymotrypsin corresponds to the percent remaining when the molecule to be tested is digested in chymotrypsin using a procedure similar to the one outlined in Example 52 below. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the substantially monodispersed mixture and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. Preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the substantially monodispersed mixture is at least about 10 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the substantially monodispersed mixture is at least about 20 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture.

[0112] As yet another example, a substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates preferably has an inter-subject variability that is less than the inter-subject variability of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the substantially monodispersed mixture. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the substantially monodispersed mixture and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. The inter-subject variability may be measured by various methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The inter-subject variability is preferably calculated as follows. The area under a dose response curve (AUC) (i.e., the area between the dose-response curve and a baseline value) is determined for each subject. The average AUC for all subjects is determined by summing the AUCs of each subject and dividing the sum by the number of subjects. The absolute value of the difference between the subject's AUC and the average AUC is then determined for each subject. The absolute values of the differences obtained are then summed to give a value that represents the inter-subject variability. Lower values represent lower inter-subject variabilities and higher values represent higher inter-subject variabilities. Preferably, the inter-subject variability of the substantially monodispersed mixture is at least about 10 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the inter-subject variability of the substantially monodispersed mixture is at least about 25 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture.

[0113] Substantially monodispersed mixtures of conjugates according to embodiments of the present invention preferably have two or more of the above-described properties. More preferably, substantially monodispersed mixtures of conjugates according to embodiments of the present invention have three or more of the above-described properties. Most preferably, substantially monodispersed mixtures of conjugates according to embodiments of the present invention have all four of the above-described properties.

[0114] In still other embodiments according to the present invention, a mixture of conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is provided. Each conjugate in the mixture includes an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety. The standard deviation is preferably less than about 14 Daltons and is more preferably less than about 11 Daltons. The molecular weight distribution may be determined by methods known to those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography such as gel permeation chromatography as described, for example, in H.R. Allcock & F.W. Lampe, CONTEMPORARY POLYMER CHEMISTRY 394-402 (2d. ed., 1991). The standard deviation of the molecular weight distribution may then be determined by statistical methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

[0115] The insulin drug is preferably insulin. More preferably, the insulin drug is human insulin. However, it is to be understood that the insulin drug may be selected from various insulin drugs known to those skilled in the art including, for example, proinsulin, insulin analogs, insulin fragments, and insulin fragment analogs. Insulin analogs include, but are not limited to, Asp^(B28) human insulin, Lys^(B28) human insulin, Leu^(B28) human insulin, Val^(B28) human insulin, Ala^(B28) human insulin, ASp^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Leu^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Val^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Ala 28Pro^(B29) human insulin, as well as analogs provided using the substitution guidelines described above. Insulin fragments include, but are not limited to, B22-B30 human insulin, B23-B30 human insulin, B25-B30 human insulin, B26-B30 human insulin, B27-B30 human insulin, B29-B30 human insulin, the A chain of human insulin, and the B chain of human insulin. Insulin fragment analogs may be provided by substituting one or more amino acids as described above in an insulin fragment.

[0116] The oligomer may be various oligomers comprising a polyethylene glycol moiety as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety of the oligomer has at least 2, 3 or 4 polyethylene glycol subunits. More preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 5 or 6 polyethylene glycol subunits and, most preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.

[0117] The oligomer may comprise one or more other moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, additional hydrophilic moieties, lipophilic moieties, spacer moieties, linker moieties, and terminating moieties. The various moieties in the oligomer are covalently coupled to one another by either hydrolyzable or non-hydrolyzable bonds.

[0118] The oligomer may further comprise one or more additional hydrophilic moieties (i.e., moieties in addition to the polyethylene glycol moiety) including, but not limited to, sugars, polyalkylene oxides, and polyamine/PEG copolymers. As polyethylene glycol is a polyalkylene oxide, the additional hydrophilic moiety may be a polyethylene glycol moiety. Adjacent polyethylene glycol moieties will be considered to be the same moiety if they are coupled by an ether bond. For example, the moiety

—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—

[0119] is a single polyethylene glycol moiety having six polyethylene glycol subunits. If this moiety were the only hydrophilic moiety in the oligomer, the oligomer would not contain an additional hydrophilic moiety. Adjacent polyethylene glycol moieties will be considered to be different moieties if they are coupled by a bond other than an ether bond. For example, the moiety

[0120] is a polyethylene glycol moiety having four polyethylene glycol subunits and an additional hydrophilic moiety having two polyethylene glycol subunits. Preferably, oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention comprise a polyethylene glycol moiety and no additional hydrophilic moieties.

[0121] The oligomer may further comprise one or more lipophilic moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The lipophilic moiety is preferably a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched alkyl moiety or a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acid moiety. When the lipophilic moiety is an alkyl moiety, it is preferably a linear, saturated or unsaturated alkyl moiety having 1 to 28 carbon atoms. More preferably, the alkyl moiety has 2 to 12 carbon atoms. When the lipophilic moiety is a fatty acid moiety, it is preferably a natural fatty acid moiety that is linear, saturated or unsaturated, having 2 to 18 carbon atoms. More preferably, the fatty acid moiety has 3 to 14 carbon atoms. Most preferably, the fatty acid moiety has at least 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.

[0122] The oligomer may further comprise one or more spacer moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Spacer moieties may, for example, be used to separate a hydrophilic moiety from a lipophilic moiety, to separate a lipophilic moiety or hydrophilic moiety from the insulin drug, to separate a first hydrophilic or lipophilic moiety from a second hydrophilic or lipophilic moiety, or to separate a hydrophilic moiety or lipophilic moiety from a linker moiety. Spacer moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of sugar, cholesterol and glycerine moieties.

[0123] The oligomer may fuirther comprise one or more linker moieties that are used to couple the oligomer with the insulin drug as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Linker moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of alkyl and fatty acid moieties.

[0124] The oligomer may further comprise one or more terminating moieties at the one or more ends of the oligomer which are not coupled to the insulin drug. The terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, and is more preferably a lower alkyl or lower alkoxy moiety. Most preferably, the terminating moiety is methyl or methoxy. While the terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, it is to be understood that the terminating moiety may be various moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sugars, cholesterol, alcohols, and fatty acids.

[0125] The oligomer is preferably covalently coupled to the insulin drug. In some embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a hydrolyzable bond (e.g., an ester or carbonate bond). A hydrolyzable coupling may provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate that acts as a prodrug. In certain instances, for example where the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate is inactive (i.e., the conjugate lacks the ability to affect the body through the insulin drug's primary mechanism of action), a hydrolyzable coupling may provide for a time-release or controlled-release effect, administering the insulin drug over a given time period as one or more oligomers are cleaved from their respective insulin drug-oligomer conjugates to provide the active drug. In other embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a non-hydrolyzable bond (e.g., a carbamate, amide, or ether bond). Use of a non-hydrolyzable bond may be preferable when it is desirable to allow the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate to circulate in the bloodstream for an extended period of time, preferably at least 2 hours. When the oligomer is covalently coupled to the insulin drug, the oligomer further comprises one or more bonding moieties that are used to covalently couple the oligomer with the insulin drug as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Bonding moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of covalent bond(s), ester moieties, carbonate moieties, carbamate moieties, amide moieties and secondary amine moieties. More than one moiety on the oligomer may be covalently coupled to the insulin drug.

[0126] While the oligomer is preferably covalently coupled to the insulin drug, it is to be understood that the oligomer may be non-covalently coupled to the insulin drug to form a non-covalently conjugated insulin drug-oligomer complex. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, non-covalent couplings include, but are not limited to, hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, Van der Waals bonding, and micellular or liposomal encapsulation. According to embodiments of the present invention, oligomers may be suitably constructed, modified and/or appropriately functionalized to impart the ability for non-covalent conjugation in a selected manner (e.g., to impart hydrogen bonding capability), as will be understood by those skilled in the art. According to other embodiments of present invention, oligomers may be derivatized with various compounds including, but not limited to, amino acids, oligopeptides, peptides, bile acids, bile acid derivatives, fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives, salicylic acids, salicylic acid derivatives, aminosalicylic acids, and aminosalicylic acid derivatives. The resulting oligomers can non-covalently couple (complex) with drug molecules, pharmaceutical products, and/or pharmaceutical excipients. The resulting complexes preferably have balanced lipophilic and hydrophilic properties. According to still other embodiments of the present invention, oligomers may be derivatized with amine and/or alkyl amines. Under suitable acidic conditions, the resulting oligomers can form non-covalently conjugated complexes with drug molecules, pharmaceutical products and/or pharmaceutical excipients. The products resulting from such complexation preferably have balanced lipophilic and hydrophilic properties.

[0127] More than one oligomer (i.e., a plurality of oligomers) may be coupled to the insulin drug. The oligomers in the plurality are preferably the same. However, it is to be understood that the oligomers in the plurality may be different from one another, or, alternatively, some of the oligomers in the plurality may be the same and some may be different. When a plurality of oligomers are coupled to the insulin drug, it may be preferable to couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with hydrolyzable bonds and couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with non-hydrolyzable bonds. Alternatively, all of the bonds coupling the plurality of oligomers to the insulin drug may be hydrolyzable, but have varying degrees of hydrolyzability such that, for example, one or more of the oligomers is rapidly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body and one or more of the oligomers is slowly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body.

[0128] The oligomer may be coupled to the insulin drug at various nucleophilic residues of the insulin drug including, but not limited to, nucleophilic hydroxyl functions and/or amino functions. When the insulin drug is a polypeptide, a nucleophilic hydroxyl function may be found, for example, at serine and/or tyrosine residues, and a nucleophilic amino function may be found, for example, at histidine and/or lysine residues, and/or at the one or more N-termini of the polypeptide. When an oligomer is coupled to the one or more N-termini of the insulin polypeptide, the coupling preferably forms a secondary amine. When the insulin drug is human insulin, for example, the oligomer may be coupled to an amino functionality of the insulin, including the amino functionality of Gly^(A1), the amino functionality of Phe^(B1), and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When one oligomer is coupled to the human insulin, the oligomer is preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When two oligomers are coupled to the human insulin, the oligomers are preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Phe^(B1) and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). While more than one oligomer may be coupled to the human insulin, a higher activity (improved glucose lowering ability) is observed for the mono-conjugated human insulin.

[0129] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons may be synthesized by various methods. For example, a mixture of oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons consisting of carboxylic acid and polyethylene glycol is synthesized by contacting a mixture of carboxylic acid having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons with a mixture of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons under conditions sufficient to provide a mixture of oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons. The oligomers of the mixture having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons are then activated so that they are capable of reacting with an insulin drug to provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate. One embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is illustrated in FIG. 3 and described in Examples 11-18 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is illustrated in FIG. 4 and described in Examples 19-24 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is illustrated in FIG. 5 and described in Examples 25-29 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is illustrated in FIG. 6 and described in Examples 30-31 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is illustrated in FIG. 7 and described in Examples 32-37 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is illustrated in FIG. 8 and described in Example 38 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is illustrated in FIG. 9 and described in Example 39 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is illustrated in FIG. 10 and described in Example 40 hereinbelow.

[0130] The mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is reacted with a mixture of insulin drugs having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons under conditions sufficient to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. A preferred synthesis is described in Example 41 hereinbelow. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the reaction conditions (e.g., selected molar ratios, solvent mixtures and/or pH) may be controlled such that the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates resulting from the reaction of the mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons and the mixture of insulin drugs having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is a mixture having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons. For example, conjugation at the amino functionality of lysine may be suppressed by maintaining the pH of the reaction solution below the pK_(a) of lysine. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated and isolated utilizing, for example, HPLC as described below in Example 50 to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates, for example mono-, di-, or tri-conjugates, having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons. The degree of conjugation (e.g., whether the isolated molecule is a mono-, di-, or tri-conjugate) of a particular isolated conjugate may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, mass spectroscopy. The particular conjugate structure (e.g., whether the oligomer is at Gly^(A1), Phe^(B1) or Lys^(B29) of a human insulin monoconjugate) may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sequence analysis, peptide mapping, selective enzymatic cleavage, and/or endopeptidase cleavage.

[0131] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, one or more of the reaction sites on the insulin drug may be blocked by, for example, reacting the insulin drug with a suitable blocking reagent such as N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC), or N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) (N-FMOC). This process may be preferred, for example, when the insulin drug is a polypeptide and it is desired to form an unsaturated conjugate (i.e., a conjugate wherein not all nucleophilic residues are conjugated) having an oligomer at the N-terminus of the polypeptide. Following such blocking, the mixture of blocked insulin drugs having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons may be reacted with the mixture of activated oligomers having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having oligomer(s) coupled to one or more nucleophilic residues and having blocking moieties coupled to other nucleophilic residues. After the conjugation reaction, the insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be de-blocked as will be understood by those skilled in the art. If necessary, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may then be separated as described above to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated prior to de-blocking.

[0132] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons according to these embodiments of the present invention preferably have improved properties when compared with those of polydispersed mixtures. For example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons preferably has an in vivo activity that is greater than the in vivo activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography such as gel permeation chromatography as described, for example, in H. R. Allcock & F. W. Lampe, CONTEMPORARY POLYMER CHEMISTRY 394-402 (2d. ed., 1991).

[0133] As another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons preferably has an in vitro activity that is greater than the in vitro activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography.

[0134] The in vitro activity of a particular mixture may be measured by various methods, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the in vitro activity is measured using a Cytosensor® Microphysiometer commercially available from Molecular Devices Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif. The microphysiometer monitors small changes in the rates of extracellular acidification in response to a drug being added to cultured cells in a transwell. This response is proportional to the activity of the molecule under study. Preferably, the in vitro activity of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is at least about 5 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the in vitro activity of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is at least about 10 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture.

[0135] As still another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons preferably has an increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin when compared to the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons. Resistance to chymotrypsin corresponds to the percent remaining when the molecule to be tested is digested in chymotrypsin using a procedure similar to the one outlined in Example 52 below. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. Preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is at least about 10 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is at least about 20 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture.

[0136] As yet another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons preferably has an inter-subject variability that is less than the inter-subject variability of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. The inter-subject variability may be measured by various methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The inter-subject variability is preferably calculated as follows. The area under a dose response curve (AUC) (i.e., the area between the dose-response curve and a baseline value) is determined for each subject. The average AUC for all subjects is determined by summing the AUCs of each subject and dividing the sum by the number of subjects. The absolute value of the difference between the subject's AUC and the average AUC is then determined for each subject. The absolute values of the differences obtained are then summed to give a value that represents the inter-subject variability. Lower values represent lower inter-subject variabilities and higher values represent higher inter-subject variabilities. Preferably, the inter-subject variability of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is at least about 10 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the inter-subject variability of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons is at least about 25 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture.

[0137] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons according to embodiments of the present invention preferably have two or more of the above-described properties. More preferably, mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons according to embodiments of the present invention have three or more of the above-described properties. Most preferably, mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons according to embodiments of the present invention have all four of the above-described properties.

[0138] According to yet other embodiments of the present invention, a mixture of conjugates is provided where each conjugate includes an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety, and the mixture has a dispersity coefficient (DC) greater than 10,000 where ${DC} = \frac{\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}^{2}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}N_{i}}}} - \left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}$

[0139] wherein:

[0140] n is the number of different molecules in the sample;

[0141] N_(i) is the number of i^(th) molecules in the sample; and

[0142] M_(i) is the mass of the i^(th) molecule.

[0143] The mixture of conjugates preferably has a dispersity coefficient greater than 100,000. More preferably, the dispersity coefficient of the conjugate mixture is greater than 500,000 and, most preferably, the dispersity coefficient is greater than 10,000,000. The variables n, N_(i), and M_(i) may be determined by various methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, methods described below in Example 49.

[0144] The insulin drug is preferably insulin. More preferably, the insulin drug is human insulin. However, it is to be understood that the insulin drug may be selected from various insulin drugs known to those skilled in the art including, for example, proinsulin, insulin analogs, insulin fragments, and insulin fragment analogs. Insulin analogs include, but are not limited to, Asp^(B28) human insulin, Lys^(B28) human insulin, Leu^(B22) human insulin, Val^(B28) human insulin, Ala^(B28) human insulin, Asp^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Leu^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Val^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Ala B28Pro^(B29) human insulin, as well as analogs provided using the substitution guidelines described above. Insulin fragments include, but are not limited to, B22-B30 human insulin, B23-B30 human insulin, B25-B30 human insulin, B26-B30 human insulin, B27-B30 human insulin, B29-B30 human insulin, the A chain of human insulin, and the B chain of human insulin. Insulin fragment analogs may be provided by substituting one or more amino acids as described above in an insulin fragment.

[0145] The oligomer may be various oligomers comprising a polyethylene glycol moiety as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety of the oligomer has at least 2, 3 or 4 polyethylene glycol subunits. More preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 5 or 6 polyethylene glycol subunits and, most preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.

[0146] The oligomer may comprise one or more other moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, additional hydrophilic moieties, lipophilic moieties, spacer moieties, linker moieties, and terminating moieties. The various moieties in the oligomer are covalently coupled to one another by either hydrolyzable or non-hydrolyzable bonds.

[0147] The oligomer may further comprise one or more additional hydrophilic moieties (i.e., moieties in addition to the polyethylene glycol moiety) including, but not limited to, sugars, polyalkylene oxides, and polyamine/PEG copolymers. As polyethylene glycol is a polyalkylene oxide, the additional hydrophilic moiety may be a polyethylene glycol moiety. Adjacent polyethylene glycol moieties will be considered to be the same moiety if they are coupled by an ether bond. For example, the moiety

—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—C₂H₄—O—C₂H—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—

[0148] is a single polyethylene glycol moiety having six polyethylene glycol subunits. If this moiety were the only hydrophilic moiety in the oligomer, the oligomer would not contain an additional hydrophilic moiety. Adjacent polyethylene glycol moieties will be considered to be different moieties if they are coupled by a bond other than an ether bond. For example, the moiety

[0149] is a polyethylene glycol moiety having four polyethylene glycol subunits and an additional hydrophilic moiety having two polyethylene glycol subunits. Preferably, oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention comprise a polyethylene glycol moiety and no additional hydrophilic moieties.

[0150] The oligomer may further comprise one or more lipophilic moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The lipophilic moiety is preferably a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched alkyl moiety or a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acid moiety. When the lipophilic moiety is an alkyl moiety, it is preferably a linear, saturated or unsaturated alkyl moiety having 1 to 28 carbon atoms. More preferably, the alkyl moiety has 2 to 12 carbon atoms. When the lipophilic moiety is a fatty acid moiety, it is preferably a natural fatty acid moiety that is linear, saturated or unsaturated, having 2 to 18 carbon atoms. More preferably, the fatty acid moiety has 3 to 14 carbon atoms. Most preferably, the fatty acid moiety has at least 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.

[0151] The oligomer may further comprise one or more spacer moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Spacer moieties may, for example, be used to separate a hydrophilic moiety from a lipophilic moiety, to separate a lipophilic moiety or hydrophilic moiety from the insulin drug, to separate a first hydrophilic or lipophilic moiety from a second hydrophilic or lipophilic moiety, or to separate a hydrophilic moiety or lipophilic moiety from a linker moiety. Spacer moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of sugar, cholesterol and glycerine moieties.

[0152] The oligomer may further comprise one or more linker moieties that are used to couple the oligomer with the insulin drug as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Linker moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of alkyl and fatty acid moieties.

[0153] The oligomer may further comprise one or more terminating moieties at the one or more ends of the oligomer which are not coupled to the insulin drug. The terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, and is more preferably a lower alkyl or lower alkoxy moiety. Most preferably, the terminating moiety is methyl or methoxy. While the terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, it is to be understood that the terminating moiety may be various moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sugars, cholesterol, alcohols, and fatty acids.

[0154] The oligomer is preferably covalently coupled to the insulin drug. In some embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a hydrolyzable bond (e.g., an ester or carbonate bond). A hydrolyzable coupling may provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate that acts as a prodrug. In certain instances, for example where the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate is inactive (i.e., the conjugate lacks the ability to affect the body through the insulin drug's primary mechanism of action), a hydrolyzable coupling may provide for a time-release or controlled-release effect, administering the insulin drug over a given time period as one or more oligomers are cleaved from their respective insulin drug-oligomer conjugates to provide the active drug. In other embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a non-hydrolyzable bond (e.g., a carbamate, amide, or ether bond). Use of a non-hydrolyzable bond may be preferable when it is desirable to allow the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate to circulate in the bloodstream for an extended period of time, preferably at least 2 hours. When the oligomer is covalently coupled to the insulin drug, the oligomer further comprises one or more bonding moieties that are used to covalently couple the oligomer with the insulin drug as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Bonding moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of covalent bond(s), ester moieties, carbonate moieties, carbamate moieties, amide moieties and secondary amine moieties. More than one moiety on the oligomer may be covalently coupled to the insulin drug.

[0155] While the oligomer is preferably covalently coupled to the insulin drug, it is to be understood that the oligomer may be non-covalently coupled to the insulin drug to form a non-covalently conjugated insulin drug-oligomer complex. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, non-covalent couplings include, but are not limited to, hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, Van der Waals bonding, and micellular or liposomal encapsulation. According to embodiments of the present invention, oligomers may be suitably constructed, modified and/or appropriately functionalized to impart the ability for non-covalent conjugation in a selected manner (e.g., to impart hydrogen bonding capability), as will be understood by those skilled in the art. According to other embodiments of present invention, oligomers may be derivatized with various compounds including, but not limited to, amino acids, oligopeptides, peptides, bile acids, bile acid derivatives, fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives, salicylic acids, salicylic acid derivatives, aminosalicylic acids, and aminosalicylic acid derivatives. The resulting oligomers can non-covalently couple (complex) with drug molecules, pharmaceutical products, and/or pharmaceutical excipients. The resulting complexes preferably have balanced lipophilic and hydrophilic properties. According to still other embodiments of the present invention, oligomers may be derivatized with amine and/or alkyl amines. Under suitable acidic conditions, the resulting oligomers can form non-covalently conjugated complexes with drug molecules, pharmaceutical products and/or pharmaceutical excipients. The products resulting from such complexation preferably have balanced lipophilic and hydrophilic properties.

[0156] More than one oligomer (i.e., a plurality of oligomers) may be coupled to the insulin drug. The oligomers in the plurality are preferably the same. However, it is to be understood that the oligomers in the plurality may be different from one another, or, alternatively, some of the oligomers in the plurality may be the same and some may be different. When a plurality of oligomers are coupled to the insulin drug, it may be preferable to couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with hydrolyzable bonds and couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with non-hydrolyzable bonds. Alternatively, all of the bonds coupling the plurality of oligomers to the insulin drug may be hydrolyzable, but have varying degrees of hydrolyzability such that, for example, one or more of the oligomers is rapidly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body and one or more of the oligomers is slowly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body.

[0157] The oligomer may be coupled to the insulin drug at various nucleophilic residues of the insulin drug including, but not limited to, nucleophilic hydroxyl functions and/or amino functions. When the insulin drug is a polypeptide, a nucleophilic hydroxyl function may be found, for example, at serine and/or tyrosine residues, and a nucleophilic amino function may be found, for example, at histidine and/or lysine residues, and/or at the one or more N-termini of the polypeptide. When an oligomer is coupled to the one or more N-termini of the insulin polypeptide, the coupling preferably forms a secondary amine. When the insulin drug is human insulin, for example, the oligomer may be coupled to an amino functionality of the insulin, including the amino functionality of Gly^(A1), the amino functionality of Phe^(B1), and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When one oligomer is coupled to the human insulin, the oligomer is preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When two oligomers are coupled to the human insulin, the oligomers are preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Phe^(B1) and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). While more than one oligomer may be coupled to the human insulin, a higher activity (improved glucose lowering ability) is observed for the mono-conjugated human insulin.

[0158] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 may be synthesized by various methods. For example, a mixture of oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 consisting of carboxylic acid and polyethylene glycol is synthesized by contacting a mixture of carboxylic acid having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 with a mixture of polyethylene glycol having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 under conditions sufficient to provide a mixture of oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000. The oligomers of the mixture having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 are then activated so that they are capable of reacting with an insulin drug to provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate. One embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is illustrated in FIG. 3 and described in Examples 11-18 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is illustrated in FIG. 4 and described in Examples 19-24 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is illustrated in FIG. 5 and described in Examples 25-29 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is illustrated in FIG. 6 and described in Examples 30-31 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is illustrated in FIG. 7 and described in Examples 32-37 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is illustrated in FIG. 8 and described in Example 38 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is illustrated in FIG. 9 and described in Example 39 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is illustrated in FIG. 10 and described in Example 40 hereinbelow.

[0159] The mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is reacted with a mixture of insulin drugs having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 under conditions sufficient to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. A preferred synthesis is described in Example 41 hereinbelow. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the reaction conditions (e.g., selected molar ratios, solvent mixtures and/or pH) may be controlled such that the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates resulting from the reaction of the mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 and the mixture of insulin drugs having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is a mixture having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000. For example, conjugation at the amino functionality of lysine may be suppressed by maintaining the pH of the reaction solution below the pK_(a) of lysine. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated and isolated utilizing, for example, HPLC as described below in Example 50 to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates, for example mono-, di-, or tri-conjugates, having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000. The degree of conjugation (e.g., whether the isolated molecule is a mono-, di-, or tri-conjugate) of a particular isolated conjugate may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, mass spectroscopy. The particular conjugate structure (e.g., whether the oligomer is at Gly^(A1), Phe^(B1) or Lys^(B29) of a human insulin monoconjugate) may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sequence analysis, peptide mapping, selective enzymatic cleavage, and/or endopeptidase cleavage.

[0160] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, one or more of the reaction sites on the insulin drug may be blocked by, for example, reacting the insulin drug with a suitable blocking reagent such as N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC), or N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) (N-FMOC). This process may be preferred, for example, when the insulin drug is a polypeptide and it is desired to form an unsaturated conjugate (i.e., a conjugate wherein not all nucleophilic residues are conjugated) having an oligomer at the one or more N-termini of the polypeptide. Following such blocking, the mixture of blocked insulin drugs having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 may be reacted with the mixture of activated oligomers having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having oligomer(s) coupled to one or more nucleophilic residues and having blocking moieties coupled to other nucleophilic residues. After the conjugation reaction, the insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be de-blocked as will be understood by those skilled in the art. If necessary, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may then be separated as described above to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated prior to de-blocking.

[0161] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 according to these embodiments of the present invention preferably have improved properties when compared with those of polydispersed mixtures. For example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 preferably has an in vivo activity that is greater than the in vivo activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography such as gel permeation chromatography as described, for example, in H. R. Allcock & F. W. Lampe, CONTEMPORARY POLYMER CHEMISTRY 394-402 (2d. ed., 1991).

[0162] As another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 preferably has an in vitro activity that is greater than the in vitro activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography.

[0163] The in vitro activity of a particular mixture may be measured by various methods, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the in vitro activity is measured using a Cytosensor® Microphysiometer commercially available from Molecular Devices Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif. The microphysiometer monitors small changes in the rates of extracellular acidification in response to a drug being added to cultured cells in a transwell. This response is proportional to the activity of the molecule under study. Preferably, the in vitro activity of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is at least about 5 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the in vitro activity of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is at least about 10 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture.

[0164] As still another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 preferably has an increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin when compared to the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000. Resistance to chymotrypsin corresponds to the percent remaining when the molecule to be tested is digested in chymotrypsin using a procedure similar to the one outlined in Example 52 below. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-Foligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. Preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is at least about 10 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is at least about 20 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture.

[0165] As yet another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 preferably has an inter-subject variability that is less than the inter-subject variability of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. The inter-subject variability may be measured by various methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The inter-subject variability is preferably calculated as follows. The area under a dose response curve (AUC) (i.e., the area between the dose-response curve and a baseline value) is determined for each subject. The average AUC for all subjects is determined by summing the AUCs of each subject and dividing the sum by the number of subjects. The absolute value of the difference between the subject's AUC and the average AUC is then determined for each subject. The absolute values of the differences obtained are then summed to give a value that represents the inter-subject variability. Lower values represent lower inter-subject variabilities and higher values represent higher inter-subject variabilities. Preferably, the inter-subject variability of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is at least about 10 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the inter-subject variability of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 is at least about 25 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture.

[0166] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 according to embodiments of the present invention preferably have two or more of the above-described properties. More preferably, mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 according to embodiments of the present invention have three or more of the above-described properties. Most preferably, mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having a dispersity coefficient greater than 10,000 according to embodiments of the present invention have all four of the above-described properties.

[0167] According to other embodiments of the present invention, a mixture of conjugates in which each conjugate includes an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer, and has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is provided.

[0168] The insulin drug is preferably insulin. More preferably, the insulin drug is human insulin. However, it is to be understood that the insulin drug may be selected from various insulin drugs known to those skilled in the art including, for example, proinsulin, insulin analogs, insulin fragments, and insulin fragment analogs. Insulin analogs include, but are not limited to, ASP^(B28) human insulin, Lys^(B28) human insulin, Leu^(B28) human insulin, Val^(B28) human insulin, Ala^(B28) human insulin, ASP^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Leu^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Val^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Ala^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, as well as analogs provided using the substitution guidelines described above. Insulin fragments include, but are not limited to, B22-B30 human insulin, B23-B30 human insulin, B25-B30 human insulin, B26-B30 human insulin, B27-B30 human insulin, B29-B30 human insulin, the A chain of human insulin, and the B chain of human insulin. Insulin fragment analogs may be provided by substituting one or more amino acids as described above in an insulin fragment.

[0169] The oligomer may be various oligomers comprising a polyethylene glycol moiety as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety of A the oligomer has at least 2, 3 or 4 polyethylene glycol subunits. More preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 5 or 6 polyethylene glycol subunits and, most preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.

[0170] The oligomer may comprise one or more other moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, additional hydrophilic moieties, lipophilic moieties, spacer moieties, linker moieties, and terminating moieties. The various moieties in the oligomer are covalently coupled to one another by either hydrolyzable or non-hydrolyzable bonds.

[0171] The oligomer may further comprise one or more additional hydrophilic moieties (i.e., moieties in addition to the polyethylene glycol moiety) including, but not limited to, sugars, polyalkylene oxides, and polyamine/PEG copolymers. As polyethylene glycol is a polyalkylene oxide, the additional hydrophilic moiety may be a polyethylene glycol moiety. Adjacent polyethylene glycol moieties will be considered to be the same moiety if they are coupled by an ether bond. For example, the moiety

—O—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—C₂—O—C₂H₄—C₂H₄—O—C₂H₄—

[0172] is a single polyethylene glycol moiety having six polyethylene glycol subunits. If this moiety were the only hydrophilic moiety in the oligomer, the oligomer would not contain an additional hydrophilic moiety. Adjacent polyethylene glycol moieties will be considered to be different moieties if they are coupled by a bond other than an ether bond. For example, the moiety

[0173] is a polyethylene glycol moiety having four polyethylene glycol subunits and an additional hydrophilic moiety having two polyethylene glycol subunits. Preferably, oligomers according to embodiments of the present invention comprise a polyethylene glycol moiety and no additional hydrophilic moieties.

[0174] The oligomer may further comprise one or more lipophilic moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The lipophilic moiety is preferably a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched alkyl moiety or a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acid moiety. When the lipophilic moiety is an alkyl moiety, it is preferably a linear, saturated or unsaturated alkyl moiety having 1 to 28 carbon atoms. More preferably, the alkyl moiety has 2 to 12 carbon atoms. When the lipophilic moiety is a fatty acid moiety, it is preferably a natural fatty acid moiety that is linear, saturated or unsaturated, having 2 to 18 carbon atoms. More preferably, the fatty acid moiety has 3 to 14 carbon atoms. Most preferably, the fatty acid moiety has at least 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.

[0175] The oligomer may further comprise one or more spacer moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Spacer moieties may, for example, be used to separate a hydrophilic moiety from a lipophilic moiety, to separate a lipophilic moiety or hydrophilic moiety from the insulin drug, to separate a first hydrophilic or lipophilic moiety from a second hydrophilic or lipophilic moiety, or to separate a hydrophilic moiety or lipophilic moiety from a linker moiety. Spacer moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of sugar, cholesterol and glycerine moieties.

[0176] The oligomer may further comprise one or more linker moieties that are used to couple the oligomer with the insulin drug as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Linker moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of alkyl and fatty acid moieties.

[0177] The oligomer may fuirther comprise one or more terminating moieties at the one or more ends of the oligomer which are not coupled to the insulin drug. The terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, and is more preferably a lower alkyl or lower alkoxy moiety. Most preferably, the terminating moiety is methyl or methoxy. While the terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, it is to be understood that the terminating moiety may be various moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sugars, cholesterol, alcohols, and fatty acids.

[0178] The oligomer is preferably covalently coupled to the insulin drug. In some embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a hydrolyzable bond (e.g., an ester or carbonate bond). A hydrolyzable coupling may provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate that acts as a prodrug. In certain instances, for example where the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate is inactive (i.e., the conjugate lacks the ability to affect the body through the insulin drug's primary mechanism of action), a hydrolyzable coupling may provide for a time-release or controlled-release effect, administering the insulin drug over a given time period as one or more oligomers are cleaved from their respective insulin drug-oligomer conjugates to provide the active drug. In other embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a non-hydrolyzable bond (e.g., a carbamate, amide, or ether bond). Use of a non-hydrolyzable bond may be preferable when it is desirable to allow the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate to circulate in the bloodstream for an extended period of time, preferably at least 2 hours. When the oligomer is covalently coupled to the insulin drug, the oligomer further comprises one or more bonding moieties that are used to covalently couple the oligomer with the insulin drug as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Bonding moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of covalent bond(s), ester moieties, carbonate moieties, carbamate moieties, amide moieties and secondary amine moieties. More than one moiety on the oligomer may be covalently coupled to the insulin drug.

[0179] While the oligomer is preferably covalently coupled to the insulin drug, it is to be understood that the oligomer may be non-covalently coupled to the insulin drug to form a non-covalently conjugated insulin drug-oligomer complex. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, non-covalent couplings include, but are not limited to, hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, Van der Waals bonding, and micellular or liposomal encapsulation. According to embodiments of the present invention, oligomers may be suitably constructed, modified and/or appropriately functionalized to impart the ability for non-covalent conjugation in a selected manner (e.g., to impart hydrogen bonding capability), as will be understood by those skilled in the art. According to other embodiments of present invention, oligomers may be derivatized with various compounds including, but not limited to, amino acids, oligopeptides, peptides, bile acids, bile acid derivatives, fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives, salicylic acids, salicylic acid derivatives, aminosalicylic acids, and aminosalicylic acid derivatives. The resulting oligomers can non-covalently couple (complex) with drug molecules, pharmaceutical products, and/or pharmaceutical excipients. The resulting complexes preferably have balanced lipophilic and hydrophilic properties. According to still other embodiments of the present invention, oligomers may be derivatized with amine and/or alkyl amines. Under suitable acidic conditions, the resulting oligomers can form non-covalently conjugated complexes with drug molecules, pharmaceutical products and/or pharmaceutical excipients. The products resulting from such complexation preferably have balanced lipophilic and hydrophilic properties.

[0180] More than one oligomer (i.e., a plurality of oligomers) may be coupled to the insulin drug. The oligomers in the plurality are preferably the same. However, it is to be understood that the oligomers in the plurality may be different from one another, or, alternatively, some of the oligomers in the plurality may be the same and some may be different. When a plurality of oligomers are coupled to the insulin drug, it may be preferable to couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with hydrolyzable bonds and couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with non-hydrolyzable bonds. Alternatively, all of the bonds coupling the plurality of oligomers to the insulin drug may be hydrolyzable, but have varying degrees of hydrolyzability such that, for example, one or more of the oligomers is rapidly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body and one or more of the oligomers is slowly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body.

[0181] The oligomer may be coupled to the insulin drug at various nucleophilic residues of the insulin drug including, but not limited to, nucleophilic hydroxyl functions and/or amino functions. When the insulin drug is a polypeptide, a nucleophilic hydroxyl function may be found, for example, at serine and/or tyrosine residues, and a nucleophilic amino function may be found, for example, at histidine and/or lysine residues, and/or at the one or more N-termini of the polypeptide. When an oligomer is coupled to the one or more N-termini of the insulin polypeptide, the coupling preferably forms a secondary amine. When the insulin drug is human insulin, for example, the oligomer may be coupled to an amino fumctionality of the insulin, including the amino functionality of Gly^(A1), the amino functionality of Phe^(B1), and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When one oligomer is coupled to the human insulin, the oligomer is preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When two oligomers are coupled to the human insulin, the oligomers are preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Phe^(B1) and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). While more than one oligomer may be coupled to the human insulin, a higher activity (improved glucose lowering ability) is observed for the mono-conjugated human insulin.

[0182] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits may be synthesized by various methods. For example, a mixture of oligomers consisting of carboxylic acid and polyethylene glycol where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is synthesized by contacting a mixture of carboxylic acid with a mixture of polyethylene glycol where each polyethylene glycol molecule in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits under conditions sufficient to provide a mixture of oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits. The oligomers of the mixture where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits are then activated so that they are capable of reacting with an insulin drug to provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate. One embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is illustrated in FIG. 3 and described in Examples 11-18 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is illustrated in FIG. 4 and described in Examples 19-24 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is illustrated in FIG. 5 and described in Examples 25-29 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is illustrated in FIG. 6 and described in Examples 30-31 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is illustrated in FIG. 7 and described in Examples 32-37 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is illustrated in FIG. 8 and described in Example 38 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is illustrated in FIG. 9 and described in Example 39 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers having a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is illustrated in FIG. 10 and described in Example 40 hereinbelow.

[0183] The mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is reacted with a mixture of insulin drugs under conditions sufficient to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. A preferred synthesis is described in Example 41 hereinbelow. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the reaction conditions (e.g., selected molar ratios, solvent mixtures and/or pH) may be controlled such that the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates resulting from the reaction of the mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits and the mixture of insulin drugs is a mixture of conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits. For example, conjugation at the amino functionality of lysine may be suppressed by maintaining the pH of the reaction solution below the pK_(a) of lysine. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated and isolated utilizing, for example, HPLC as described in Example 50 hereinbelow to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates, for example mono-, di-, or tri-conjugates, where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits. The degree of conjugation (e.g., whether the isolated molecule is a mono-, di-, or tri-conjugate) of a particular isolated conjugate may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, mass spectroscopy. The particular conjugate structure (e.g., whether the oligomer is at Gly^(A1), Phe^(B1) or Lys^(B29) of a human insulin monoconjugate) may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sequence analysis, peptide mapping, selective enzymatic cleavage, and/or endopeptidase cleavage.

[0184] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, one or more of the reaction sites on the insulin drug may be blocked by, for example, reacting the insulin drug with a suitable blocking reagent such as N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC), or N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) (N-FMOC). This process may be preferred, for example, when the insulin drug is a polypeptide and it is desired to form an unsaturated conjugate (i.e., a conjugate wherein not all nucleophilic residues are conjugated) having an oligomer at the one or more N-termini of the polypeptide. Following such blocking, the mixture of blocked insulin drugs may be reacted with the mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having oligomer(s) coupled to one or more nucleophilic residues and having blocking moieties coupled to other nucleophilic residues. After the conjugation reaction, the insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be de-blocked as will be understood by those skilled in the art. If necessary, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may then be separated as described above to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated prior to de-blocking.

[0185] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits according to these embodiments of the present invention preferably have improved properties when compared with those of polydispersed mixtures. For example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits preferably has an in vivo activity that is greater than the in vivo activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography such as gel permeation chromatography as described, for example, in H. R. Allcock & F. W. Lampe, CONTEMPORARY POLYMER CHEMISTRY 394-402 (2d. ed., 1991).

[0186] As another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits preferably has an in vitro activity that is greater than the in vitro activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography.

[0187] The in vitro activity of a particular mixture may be measured by various methods, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the in vitro activity is measured using a Cytosensor® Microphysiometer commercially available from Molecular Devices Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif. The microphysiometer monitors small changes in the rates of extracellular acidification in response to a drug being added to cultured cells in a transwell. This response is proportional to the activity of the molecule under study. Preferably, the in vitro activity of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is at least about 5 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the in vitro activity of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is at least about 10 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture.

[0188] As still another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits preferably has an increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin when compared to the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits. Resistance to chymotrypsin corresponds to the percent remaining when the molecule to be tested is digested in chymotrypsin using a procedure similar to the one outlined in Example 52 below. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. Preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is at least about 10 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is at least about 20 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture.

[0189] As yet another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits preferably has an inter-subject variability that is less than the inter-subject variability of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. The inter-subject variability may be measured by various methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The inter-subject variability is preferably calculated as follows. The area under a dose response curve (AUC) (i.e., the area between the dose-response curve and a baseline value) is determined for each subject. The average AUC for all subjects is determined by summing the AUCs of each subject and dividing the sum by the number of subjects. The absolute value of the difference between the subject's AUC and the average AUC is then determined for each subject. The absolute values of the differences obtained are then summed to give a value that represents the inter-subject variability. Lower values represent lower inter-subject variabilities and higher values represent higher inter-subject variabilities. Preferably, the inter-subject variability of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is at least about 10 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the inter-subject variability of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits is at least about 25 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture.

[0190] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits according to embodiments of the present invention preferably have two or more of the above-described properties. More preferably, mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits according to embodiments of the present invention have three or more of the above-described properties. Most preferably, mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits according to embodiments of the present invention have all four of the above-described properties.

[0191] According to still other embodiments of the present invention, a mixture of conjugates is provided in which each conjugate has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A:

Insulin Drug—[B—L_(j)—G_(k)—R—G′_(m)—R′—G″_(n)—T]_(p)  (A)

[0192] wherein:

[0193] B is a bonding moiety;

[0194] L is a linker moiety;

[0195] G, G′ and G″ are individually selected spacer moieties;

[0196] R is a lipophilic moiety and R′ is a polyalkylene glycol moiety, or R′ is the lipophilic moiety and R is the polyalkylene glycol moiety;

[0197] T is a terminating moiety;

[0198] j, k, m and n are individually 0 or 1; and

[0199] p is an integer between 1 and the number of nucleophilic residues on the insulin drug.

[0200] The insulin drug is preferably insulin. More preferably, the insulin drug is human insulin. However, it is to be understood that the insulin drug may be selected from various insulin drugs known to those skilled in the art including, for example, proinsulin, insulin analogs, insulin fragments, and insulin fragment analogs. Insulin analogs include, but are not limited to, Asp^(B28) human insulin, Lys^(B28) human insulin, Leu^(B28) human insulin, Val^(B28) human insulin, Ala^(B28) human insulin, ASP^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Lys^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Leu^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Val^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, Ala^(B28)Pro^(B29) human insulin, as well as analogs provided using the substitution guidelines described above. Insulin fragments include, but are not limited to, B22-B30 human insulin, B23-B30 human insulin, B25-B30 human insulin, B26-B30 human insulin, B27-B30 human insulin, B29-B30 human insulin, the A chain of human insulin, and the B chain of human insulin. Insulin fragment analogs may be provided by substituting one or more amino acids as described above in an insulin fragment.

[0201] According to these embodiments of the present invention, the polyalkylene glycol moiety of the oligomer preferably has at least 2, 3 or 4 polyalkylene glycol subunits. More preferably, the polyalkylene glycol moiety has at least 5 or 6 polyalkylene glycol subunits and, most preferably, the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 7 polyalkylene glycol subunits. The polyalkylene glycol moiety is preferably a lower polyalkylene glycol moiety such as a polyethylene glycol moiety, a polypropylene glycol moiety, or a polybutylene glycol moiety. More preferably, the polyalkylene glycol moiety is a polyethylene glycol moiety or a polypropylene glycol moiety. Most preferably, the polyalkylene glycol moiety is a polyethylene glycol moiety. When the polyalkylene glycol moiety is a polypropylene glycol moiety, the moiety preferably has a uniform (i.e., not random) structure. An exemplary polypropylene glycol moiety having a uniform structure is as follows:

[0202] This uniform polypropylene glycol structure may be described as having only one methyl substituted carbon atom adjacent each oxygen atom in the polypropylene glycol chain. Such uniform polypropylene glycol moieties may exhibit both lipophilic and hydrophilic characteristics and thus be useful in providing amphiphilic insulin drug-oligomer conjugates without the use of lipophilic polymer moieties. Furthermore, coupling the secondary alcohol moiety of the polypropylene glycol moiety with an drug may provide the insulin drug (e.g., human insulin) with improved resistance to degradation caused by enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin found, for example, in the gut.

[0203] Uniform polypropylene glycol according to embodiments of the present invention is preferably synthesized as illustrated in FIGS. 11 through 13, which will now be described. As illustrated in FIG. 11, 1,2-propanediol 53 is reacted with a primary alcohol blocking reagent to provide a secondary alcohol extension monomer 54. The primary alcohol blocking reagent may be various primary alcohol blocking reagents as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, silylchloride compounds such as t-butyldiphenylsilylchloride and t-butyldimethylsilylchloride, and esterification reagents such as Ac₂O. Preferably, the primary alcohol blocking reagent is a primary alcohol blocking reagent that is substantially non-reactive with secondary alcohols, such as t-butyldiphenylsilylchloride or t-butyldimethylsilylchloride. The secondary alcohol extension monomer (54) may be reacted with methanesulfonyl chloride (MeSO₂Cl) to provide a primary extension alcohol monomer mesylate 55.

[0204] Alternatively, the secondary alcohol extension monomer 54 may be reacted with a secondary alcohol blocking reagent to provide compound 56. The secondary alcohol blocking reagent may be various secondary alcohol blocking reagents as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, benzyl chloride. The compound 56 may be reacted with a B₁ de-blocking reagent to remove the blocking moiety B₁ and provide a primary alcohol extension monomer 57. The B₁ de-blocking reagent may be selected from various de-blocking reagents as will be understood by one skilled in the art. When the primary alcohol has been blocked by forming an ester, the B₁ de-blocking reagent is a de-esterification reagent, such as a base (e.g., potassium carbonate). When the primary alcohol has been blocked using a silylchloride, the B₁ de-blocking reagent is preferably tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). The primary alcohol extension monomer 57 may be reacted with methane sulfonyl chloride to provide a secondary alcohol extension monomer mesylate 58.

[0205] The primary alcohol extension monomer 54 and the secondary alcohol extension monomer 57 may be capped as follows. The secondary alcohol extension monomer 54 may be reacted with a capping reagent to provide a compound 59. The capping reagent may be various capping reagents as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, alkyl halides such as methyl chloride. The compound 59 may be reacted with a B₁ de-blocking agent as described above to provide a primary alcohol capping monomer 60. The primary alcohol capping monomer 60 may be reacted with methane sulfonyl chloride to provide the secondary alcohol capping monomer mesylate 61. The primary alcohol extension monomer 57 may be reacted with a capping reagent to provide a compound 62. The capping reagent may be various capping reagents as described above. The compound 62 may be reacted with a B₂ de-blocking reagent to remove the blocking moiety B₂ and provide a secondary alcohol capping monomer 63. The B₂ de-blocking reagent may be various de-blocking agents as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, H₂ in the presence of a palladium/activated carbon catalyst. The secondary alcohol capping monomer may be reacted with methanesulfonyl chloride to provide a primary alcohol capping monomer mesylate 64. While the embodiments illustrated in FIG. 11 show the synthesis of capping monomers, it is to be understood that similar reactions may be performed to provide capping polymers.

[0206] In general, chain extensions may be effected by reacting a primary alcohol extension mono- or poly-mer such as the primary alcohol extension monomer 57 with a primary alcohol extension mono- or poly-mer mesylate such as the primary alcohol extension monomer mesylate 55 to provide various uniform polypropylene chains or by reacting a secondary alcohol extension mono- or poly-mer such as the secondary alcohol extension monomer 54 with a secondary alcohol extension mono-or poly-mer mesylate such as the secondary alcohol extension monomer mesylate 58.

[0207] For example, in FIG. 13, the primary alcohol extension monomer mesylate 55 is reacted with the primary alcohol extension monomer 57 to provide a dimer compound 65. Alternatively, the secondary alcohol extension monomer mesylate 58 may be reacted with the secondary alcohol extension monomer 54 to provide the dimer compound 65. The B₁ blocking moiety on the dimer compound 65 may be removed using a B₁ de-blocking reagent as described above to provide a primary alcohol extension dimer 66. The primary alcohol extension dimer 66 may be reacted with methane sulfonyl chloride to provide a secondary alcohol extension dimer mesylate 67. Alternatively, the B₂ blocking moiety on the dimer compound 65 may be removed using the B₂ de-blocking reagent as described above to provide a secondary alcohol extension dimer 69. The secondary alcohol extension dimer 69 may be reacted with methane sulfonyl chloride to provide a primary alcohol extension dimer mesylate 70.

[0208] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the chain extension process may be repeated to achieve various other chain lengths. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 13, the primary alcohol extension dimer 66 may be reacted with the primary alcohol extension dimer mesylate 70 to provide a tetramer compound 72. As further illustrated in FIG. 13, a generic chain extension reaction scheme involves reacting the primary alcohol extension mono- or poly-mer 73 with the primary alcohol extension mono- or poly-mer mesylate 74 to provide the uniform polypropylene polymer 75. The values of m and n may each range from 0 to 1000 or more. Preferably, m and n are each from 0 to 50. While the embodiments illustrated in FIG. 13 show primary alcohol extension mono- and/or poly-mers being reacted with primary alcohol extension mono- and/or poly-mer mesylates, it is to be understood that similar reactions may be carried out using secondary alcohol extension mono- and/or poly-mers and secondary alcohol extension mono- and/or poly-mer mesylates.

[0209] An end of a primary alcohol extension mono- or poly-mer or an end of a primary alcohol extension mono- or poly-mer mesylate may be reacted with a primary alcohol capping mono- or poly-mer mesylate or a primary alcohol capping mono- or poly-mer, respectively, to provide a capped uniform polypropylene chain. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 12, the primary alcohol extension dimer mesylate 70 is reacted with the primary alcohol capping monomer 60 to provide the capped/blocked primary alcohol extension trimer 71. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the B₁ blocking moiety may be removed and the resulting capped primary alcohol extension trimer may be reacted with a primary alcohol extension mono- or poly-mer mesylate to extend the chain of the capped trimer 71.

[0210] An end of a secondary alcohol extension mono-or poly-mer or an end of a secondary alcohol extension mono-or poly-mer mesylate may be reacted with a secondary alcohol capping mono-or poly-mer mesylate or a secondary alcohol capping mono- or poly-mer, respectively, to provide a capped uniform polypropylene chain. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 12, the secondary alcohol extension dimer mesylate 67 is reacted with the secondary alcohol capping monomer 63 to provide the capped/blocked primary alcohol extension trimer 68. The B₂ blocking moiety may be removed as described above and the resulting capped secondary alcohol extension trimer may be reacted with a secondary alcohol extension mer mesylate to extend the chain of the capped trimer 68. While the syntheses illustrated in FIG. 12 show the reaction of a dimer with a capping monomer to provide a trimer, it is to be understood that the capping process may be performed at any point in the synthesis of a uniform polypropylene glycol moiety, or, alternatively, uniform polypropylene glycol moieties may be provided that are not capped. While the embodiments illustrated in FIG. 12 show the capping of a polybutylene oligomer by synthesis with a capping monomer, it is to be understood that polybutylene oligomers of the present invention may be capped directly (i.e., without the addition of a capping monomer) using a capping reagent as described above in FIG. 11.

[0211] Uniform polypropylene glycol moieties according to embodiments of the present invention may be coupled to an insulin drug, a lipophilic moiety such as a carboxylic acid, and/or various other moieties by various methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, those described herein with respect to polyethylene glycol moieties.

[0212] According to these embodiments of the present invention, the lipophilic moiety is a lippphilic moiety as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The lipophilic moiety is preferably a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched alkyl moiety or a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acid moiety. When the lipophilic moiety is an alkyl moiety, it is preferably a linear, saturated or unsaturated alkyl moiety having 1 to 28 carbon atoms. More preferably, the alkyl moiety has 2 to 12 carbon atoms. When the lipophilic moiety is a fatty acid moiety, it is preferably a natural fatty acid moiety that is linear, saturated or unsaturated, having 2 to 18 carbon atoms. More preferably, the fatty acid moiety has 3 to 14 carbon atoms. Most preferably, the fatty acid moiety has at least 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.

[0213] According to these embodiments of the present invention, the spacer moieties, G, G′ and G″, are spacer moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Spacer moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of sugar, cholesterol and glycerine moieties. Preferably, oligomers of these embodiments do not include spacer moieties (i.e., k, m and n are preferably 0).

[0214] According to these embodiments of the present invention, the linker moiety, L, may be used to couple the oligomer with the drug as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Linker moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of alkyl and fatty acid moieties.

[0215] According to these embodiments of the present invention, the terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, and is more preferably a lower alkyl or lower alkoxy moiety. Most preferably, the terminating moiety is methyl or methoxy. While the terminating moiety is preferably an alkyl or alkoxy moiety, it is to be understood that the terminating moiety may be various moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sugars, cholesterol, alcohols, and fatty acids.

[0216] According to these embodiments of the present invention, the oligomer, which is represented by the bracketed portion of the structure of Formula A, is covalently coupled to the insulin drug. In some embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a hydrolyzable bond (e.g., an ester or carbonate bond). A hydrolyzable coupling may provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate that acts as a prodrug. In certain instances, for example where the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate is inactive (i.e., the conjugate lacks the ability to affect the body through the insulin drug's primary mechanism of action), a hydrolyzable coupling may provide for a time-release or controlled-release effect, administering the insulin drug over a given time period as one or more oligomers are cleaved from their respective insulin drug-oligomer conjugates to provide the active drug. In other embodiments, the insulin drug is coupled to the oligomer utilizing a non-hydrolyzable bond (e.g., a carbamate, amide, or ether bond). Use of a non-hydrolyzable bond may be preferable when it is desirable to allow the insulin drug-oligomer conjugate to circulate in the bloodstream for an extended period of time, preferably at least 2 hours. The bonding moiety, B₁ may be various bonding moieties as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Bonding moieties are preferably selected from the group consisting of covalent bond(s), ester moieties, carbonate moieties, carbamate moieties, amide moieties and secondary amine moieties.

[0217] The variable p is an integer from 1 to the number of nucleophilic residues on the insulin drug. When p is greater than 1, more than one oligomer (i.e., a plurality of oligomers) is coupled to the drug. According to these embodiments of the present invention, the oligomers in the plurality are the same. When a plurality of oligomers are coupled to the insulin drug, it may be preferable to couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with hydrolyzable bonds and couple one or more of the oligomers to the insulin drug with non-hydrolyzable bonds. Alternatively, all of the bonds coupling the plurality of oligomers to the insulin drug may be hydrolyzable, but have varying degrees of hydrolyzability such that, for example, one or more of the oligomers is rapidly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body and one or more of the oligomers is slowly removed from the insulin drug by hydrolysis in the body.

[0218] The oligomer may be coupled to the insulin drug at various nucleophilic residues of the insulin drug including, but not limited to, nucleophilic hydroxyl functions and/or amino functions. When the insulin drug is a polypeptide, a nucleophilic hydroxyl function may be found, for example, at serine and/or tyrosine residues, and a nucleophilic amino function may be found, for example, at histidine and/or lysine residues, and/or at the one or more N-termini of the polypeptide. When an oligomer is coupled to the one or more N-termini of the insulin polypeptide, the coupling preferably forms a secondary amine. When the insulin drug is human insulin, for example, the oligomer may be coupled to an amino functionality of the insulin, including the amino functionality of Gly^(A1), the amino functionality of Phe^(B1), and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When one oligomer is coupled to the human insulin, the oligomer is preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). When two oligomers are coupled to the human insulin, the oligomers are preferably coupled to the amino functionality of Phe^(B1) and the amino functionality of Lys^(B29). While more than one oligomer may be coupled to the human insulin, a higher activity (improved glucose lowering ability) is observed for the mono-conjugated human insulin.

[0219] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A may be synthesized by various methods. For example, a mixture of oligomers consisting of carboxylic acid and polyethylene glycol is synthesized by contacting a mixture of carboxylic acid with a mixture of polyethylene glycol under conditions sufficient to provide a mixture of oligomers. The oligomers of the mixture are then activated so that they are capable of reacting with an insulin drug to provide an insulin drug-oligomer conjugate. One embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A is illustrated in FIG. 3 and described in Examples 11-18 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A is illustrated in FIG. 4 and described in Examples 19-24 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A is illustrated in FIG. 5 and described in Examples 25-29 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A is illustrated in FIG. 6 and described in Examples 30-31 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A is illustrated in FIG. 7 and described in Examples 32-37 hereinbelow. Still another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A is illustrated in FIG. 8 and described in Example 38 hereinbelow. Yet another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A is illustrated in FIG. 9 and described in Example 39 hereinbelow. Another embodiment of a synthesis route for providing a mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A is illustrated in FIG. 10 and described in Example 40 hereinbelow.

[0220] The mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A is reacted with a mixture of insulin drugs where each drug in the mixture has the same molecular weight under conditions sufficient to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. A preferred synthesis is described in Example 41 hereinbelow. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the reaction conditions (e.g., selected molar ratios, solvent mixtures and/or pH) may be controlled such that the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates resulting from the reaction of the mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A and the mixture of insulin drugs is a mixture of conjugates where each conjugate has the same molecular weight and has the structure Formula A. For example, conjugation at the amino functionality of lysine may be suppressed by maintaining the pH of the reaction solution below the pK_(a) of lysine. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated and isolated utilizing, for example, HPLC as described below in Example 50 to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates, for example mono-, di-, or tri-conjugates, where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A. The degree of conjugation (e.g., whether the isolated molecule is a mono-, di-, or tri-conjugate) of a particular isolated conjugate may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, mass spectroscopy. The particular conjugate structure (e.g., whether the oligomer is at Gly^(A1), Phe^(B1) or Lys^(B29) of a human insulin monoconjugate) may be determined and/or verified utilizing various techniques as will be understood by those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, sequence analysis, peptide mapping, selective enzymatic cleavage, and/or endopeptidase cleavage.

[0221] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, one or more of the reaction sites on the insulin drug may be blocked by, for example, reacting the insulin drug with a suitable blocking reagent such as N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC), or N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) (N-FMOC). This process may be preferred, for example, when the insulin drug is a polypeptide and it is desired to form an unsaturated conjugate (i.e., a conjugate wherein not all nucleophilic residues are conjugated) having an oligomer at the one or more N-termini of the polypeptide. Following such blocking, the mixture of blocked insulin drugs may be reacted with the mixture of activated oligomers where each oligomer in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has a structure of the oligomer of Formula A to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having oligomer(s) coupled to one or more nucleophilic residues and having blocking moieties coupled to other nucleophilic residues. After the conjugation reaction, the insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be de-blocked as will be understood by those skilled in the art. If necessary, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may then be separated as described above to provide a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same number molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A. Alternatively, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates may be separated prior to de-blocking.

[0222] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A according to these embodiments of the present invention preferably have improved properties when compared with those of polydispersed mixtures. For example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A preferably has an in vivo activity that is greater than the in vivo activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography such as gel permeation chromatography as described, for example, in H. R. Allcock & F. W. Lampe, CONTEMPORARY POLYMER CHEMISTRY 394-402 (2d. ed., 1991).

[0223] As another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A preferably has an in vitro activity that is greater than the in vitro activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography.

[0224] The in vitro activity of a particular mixture may be measured by various methods, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Preferably, the in vitro activity is measured using a Cytosensor® Microphysiometer commercially available from Molecular Devices Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif. The microphysiometer monitors small changes in the rates of extracellular acidification in response to a drug being added to cultured cells in a transwell. This response is proportional to the activity of the molecule under study. Preferably, the in vitro activity of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A is at least about 5 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the in vitro activity of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A is at least about 10 percent greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture.

[0225] As still another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A preferably has an increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin when compared to the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A. Resistance to chymotrypsin corresponds to the percent remaining when the molecule to be tested is digested in chymotypsin using a procedure similar to the one outlined in Example 52 below. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. Preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the A mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A is at least about 10 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the A mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A is at least about 20 percent greater than the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture.

[0226] As yet another example, a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A preferably has an inter-subject variability that is less than the inter-subject variability of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the number average molecular weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A and the number average weight of the polydispersed mixture may be measured by various methods including, but not limited to, size exclusion chromatography. The inter-subject variability may be measured by various methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The inter-subject variability is preferably calculated as follows. The area under a dose response curve (AUC) (i.e., the area between the dose-response curve and a baseline value) is determined for each subject. The average AUC for all subjects is determined by summing the AUCs of each subject and dividing the sum by the number of subjects. The absolute value of the difference between the subject's AUC and the average AUC is then determined for each subject. The absolute values of the differences obtained are then summed to give a value that represents the inter-subject variability. Lower values represent lower inter-subject variabilities and higher values represent higher inter-subject variabilities. Preferably, the inter-subject variability of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A is at least about 10 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture. More preferably, the inter-subject variability of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A is at least about 25 percent less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture.

[0227] Mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A according to embodiments of the present invention preferably have two or more of the above-described properties. More preferably, mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A according to embodiments of the present invention have three or more of the above-described properties. Most preferably, mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates where each conjugate in the mixture has the same molecular weight and has the structure of Formula A according to embodiments of the present invention have all four of the above-described properties.

[0228] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a conjugate mixture according to embodiments of the present invention are also provided. The mixtures of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates described above may be formulated for administration in a pharmaceutical carrier in accordance with known techniques. See, e.g., Remington, The Science And Practice of Pharmacy (9^(th) Ed. 1995). In the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments of the present invention, the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates is typically admixed with, inter alia, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier must, of course, be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with any other ingredients in the pharmaceutical composition and should not be deleterious to the subject. The carrier may be a solid or a liquid, or both, and is preferably formulated with the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates as a unit-dose formulation, for example, a tablet, which may contain from about 0.01 or 0.5% to about 95% or 99% by weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. The pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by any of the well known techniques of pharmacy including, but not limited to, admixing the components, optionally including one or more accessory ingredients.

[0229] The pharmaceutical compositions according to embodiments of the present invention include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, inhalation (e.g., via an aerosol) buccal (e.g., sub-lingual), vaginal, parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intraarticular, intrapleural, intraperitoneal, inracerebral, intraarterial, or intravenous), topical (i.e., both skin and mucosal surfaces, including airway surfaces) and transdermal administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the condition being treated and on the nature of the particular mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates which is being used.

[0230] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented in discrete units, such as capsules, cachets, lozenges, or tables, each containing a predetermined amount of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion. Such formulations may be prepared by any suitable method of pharmacy which includes the step of bringing into association the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates and a suitable carrier (which may contain one or more accessory ingredients as noted above). In general, the pharmaceutical composition according to embodiments of the present invention are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates with a liquid or finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the resulting mixture. For example, a tablet may be prepared by compressing or molding a powder or granules containing the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the mixture in a free-flowing form, such as a powder or granules optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, and/or surface active/dispersing agent(s). Molded tablets may be made by molding, in a suitable machine, the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid binder.

[0231] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for buccal (sub-lingual) administration include lozenges comprising the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates in a flavoured base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; and pastilles comprising the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia.

[0232] Pharmaceutical compositions according to embodiments of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise sterile aqueous and non-aqueous injection solutions of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates, which preparations are preferably isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. These preparations may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the composition isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The compositions may be presented in unitdose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline or water-for-injection immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. For example, an injectable, stable, sterile composition comprising a mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates in a unit dosage form in a sealed container may be provided. The mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates is provided in the form of a lyophilizate which is capable of being reconstituted with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to form a liquid composition suitable for injection thereof into a subject. The unit dosage form typically comprises from about 10 mg to about 10 grams of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. When the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates is substantially water-insoluble, a sufficient amount of emulsifying agent which is physiologically acceptable may be employed in sufficient quantity to emulsify the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates in an aqueous carrier. One such useful emulsifying agent is phosphatidyl choline.

[0233] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for rectal administration are preferably presented as unit dose suppositories. These may be prepared by admixing the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates with one or more conventional solid carriers, for example, cocoa butter, and then shaping the resulting mixture.

[0234] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for topical application to the skin preferably take the form of an ointment, cream, lotion, paste, gel, spray, aerosol, or oil. Carriers which may be used include petroleum jelly, lanoline, polyethylene glycols, alcohols, transdermal enhancers, and combinations of two or more thereof.

[0235] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches adapted to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time. Compositions suitable for transdermal administration may also be delivered by iontophoresis (see, for example, Pharmaceutical Research 3 (6):318 (1986)) and typically take the form of an optionally buffered aqueous solution of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. Suitable formulations comprise citrate or bistris buffer (pH 6) or ethanol/water and contain from 0.1 to 0.2M active ingredient.

[0236] Methods of treating an insulin deficiency in a subject in need of such treatment by administering an effective amount of such pharmaceutical compositions are also provided. The effective amount of any mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates, the use of which is in the scope of present invention, will vary somewhat from mixture to mixture, and subject to subject, and will depend upon factors such as the age and condition of the subject and the route of delivery. Such dosages can be determined in accordance with routine pharmacological procedures known to those skilled in the art. As a general proposition, a dosage from about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg will have therapeutic efficacy, with all weights being calculated based upon the weight of the mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates. Toxicity concerns at the higher level may restrict intravenous dosages to a lower level such as up to about 10 mg/kg, with all weights being calculated based upon the weight of the active base. A dosage from about 10 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg may be employed for oral administration. Typically, a dosage from about 0.5 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg may be employed for intramuscular injection. The frequency of administration is usually one, two, or three times per day or as necessary to control the condition. Alternatively, the drug-oligomer conjugates may be administered by continuous infusion. The duration of treatment depends on the type of insulin deficiency being treated and may be for as long as the life of the subject.

[0237] Methods of synthesizing conjugate mixtures according to embodiments of the present invention are also provided. While the following embodiments of a synthesis route are directed to synthesis of a substantially monodispersed mixture, similar synthesis routes may be utilized for synthesizing other insulin drug-oligomer conjugate mixtures according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0238] A substantially monodispersed mixture of polymers comprising polyethylene glycol moieties is provided as illustrated in reaction 1:

[0239] R¹ is H or a lipophilic moiety. R¹ is preferably H, alkyl, aryl alkyl, an aromatic moiety, a fatty acid moiety, an ester of a fatty acid moiety, cholesteryl, or adamantyl. R¹ is more preferably H, lower alkyl, or an aromatic moiety. R′ is most preferably H, methyl, or benzyl.

[0240] In Formula I, n is from 1 to 25. Preferably n is from 1 to 6.

[0241] X⁺ is a positive ion. Preferably X⁺ is any positive ion in a compound, such as a strong base, that is capable of ionizing a hydroxyl moiety on PEG. Examples of positive ions include, but are not limited to, sodium ions, potassium ions, lithium ions, cesium ions, and thallium ions.

[0242] R² is H or a lipophilic moiety. R² is preferably linear or branched alkyl, aryl alkyl, an aromatic moiety, a fatty acid moiety, or an ester of a fatty acid moiety. R² is more preferably lower alkyl, benzyl, a fatty acid moiety having 1 to 24 carbon atoms, or an ester of a fatty acid moiety having 1 to 24 carbon atoms. R² is most preferably methyl, a fatty acid moiety having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an ethyl ester of a fatty acid moiety having 1 to 18 carbon atoms.

[0243] In Formula II, m is from 1 to 25. Preferably m is from 1 to 6.

[0244] Ms is a mesylate moiety (i.e., CH₃S(O₂)—).

[0245] As illustrated in reaction 1, a mixture of compounds having the structure of Formula I is reacted with a mixture of compounds having the structure of Formula II to provide a mixture of polymers comprising polyethylene glycol moieties and having the structure of Formula III. The mixture of compounds having the structure of Formula I is a substantially monodispersed mixture. Preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the compounds in the mixture of compounds of Formula I have the same molecular weight, and, more preferably, the mixture of compounds of Formula I is a monodispersed mixture. The mixture of compounds of Formula II is a substantially monodispersed mixture. Preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the compounds in the mixture of compounds of Formula II have the same molecular weight, and, more preferably, the mixture of compounds of Formula II is a monodispersed mixture. The mixture of compounds of Formula III is a substantially monodispersed mixture. Preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the compounds in the mixture of compound of Formula III have the same molecular weight. More preferably, the mixture of compounds of Formula II is a monodispersed mixture.

[0246] Reaction 1 is preferably performed between about 0° C. and about 40° C., is more preferably performed between about 15° C. and about 35° C., and is most preferably performed at room temperature (approximately 25° C.).

[0247] Reaction 1 may be performed for various periods of time as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Reaction I is preferably performed for a period of time between about 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75 hours and about 2, 4 or 8 hours.

[0248] Reaction 1 is preferably carried out in an aprotic solvent such as, but not limited to, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, diethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), toluene, benzene, hexane, pentane, N-methylpyrollidinone, tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, or a mixture thereof. More preferably, the solvent is DMF, DMA or toluene.

[0249] The molar ratio of the compound of Formula 1 to the compound of Formula II is preferably greater than about 1:1. More preferably, the molar ratio is at least about 2:1. By providing an excess of the compounds of Formula I, one can ensure that substantially all of the compounds of Formula II are reacted, which may aid in the recovery of the compounds of Formula IIl as discussed below.

[0250] Compounds of Formula I are preferably prepared as illustrated in reaction 2:

[0251] R¹ and X⁺ are as described above and the mixture of compounds of Formula IV is substantially monodispersed; preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the compounds in the mixture of compounds of Formula IV have the same molecular weight; and, more preferably, the mixture of compounds of Formula IV is a monodispersed mixture.

[0252] Various compounds capable of ionizing a hydroxyl moiety on the PEG moiety of the compound of Formula IV will be understood by those skilled in the art. The compound capable of ionizing a hydroxyl moiety is preferably a strong base. More preferably, the compound capable of ionizing a hydroxyl moiety is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydride, potassium hydride, sodium t-butoxide, potassium t-butoxide, butyl lithium (BuLi), and lithium diisopropylamine. The compound capable of ionizing a hydroxyl moiety is more preferably sodium hydride.

[0253] The molar ratio of the compound capable of ionizing a hydroxyl moiety on the PEG moiety of the compound of Formula IV to the compound of Formula IV is preferably at least about 1:1, and is more preferably at least about 2:1. By providing an excess of the compound capable of ionizing the hydroxyl moiety, it is assured that substantially all of the compounds of Formula IV are reacted to provide the compounds of Formula I. Thus, separation difficulties, which may occur if both compounds of Formula IV and compounds of Formula I were present in the reaction product mixture, may be avoided.

[0254] Reaction 2 is preferably performed between about 0° C. and about 40° C., is more preferably performed between about 0° C. and about 35° C., and is most preferably performed between about 0° C. and room temperature (approximately 25° C.).

[0255] Reaction 2 may be performed for various periods of time as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Reaction 2 is preferably performed for a period of time between about 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75 hours and about 2, 4 or 8 hours.

[0256] Reaction 2 is preferably carried out in an aprotic solvent such as, but not limited to, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dioxane, diethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), toluene, benzene, hexane, pentane, N-methylpyrollidinone, dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, or a mixture thereof. More preferably, the solvent is DMF, dichloromethane or toluene.

[0257] Compounds of Formula II are preferably prepared as illustrated in reaction 3:

[0258] R²and Ms are as described above and the compound of Formula V is present as a substantially monodispersed mixture of compounds of Formula V; preferably at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the compounds in the mixture of compounds of Formula V have the same molecular weight; and, more preferably, the mixture of compounds of Formula V is a monodispersed mixture.

[0259] Q is a halide, preferably chloride or fluoride.

[0260] CH₃S(O₂)Q is methanesulfonyl halide. The methanesulfonyl halide is preferably methanesulfonyl chloride or methanesulfonyl fluoride. More preferably, the methanesulfonyl halide is methanesulfonyl chloride.

[0261] The molar ratio of the methane sulfonyl halide to the compound of Formula V is preferably greater than about 1: 1, and is more preferably at least about 2:1. By providing an excess of the methane sulfonyl halide, it is assured that substantially all of the compounds of Formula V are reacted to provide the compounds of Formula II. Thus, separation difficulties, which may occur if both compounds of Formula V and compounds of Formula II were present in the reaction product mixture, may be avoided.

[0262] Reaction 3 is preferably performed between about −10° C. and about 40° C., is more preferably performed between about 0° C. and about 35° C., and is most preferably performed between about 0° C. and room temperature (approximately 25° C.).

[0263] Reaction 3 may be performed for various periods of time as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Reaction 3 is preferably performed for a period of time between about 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75 hours and about 2, 4 or 8 hours.

[0264] Reaction 3 is preferably carried out in the presence of an aliphatic amine including, but not limited to, monomethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, monoethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, monoisopropylamine, diisopropylamine, mono-n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, tri-n-butylamine, monocyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, or mixtures thereof. More preferably, the aliphatic amine is a tertiary amine such as triethylamine.

[0265] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, various substantially monodispersed mixtures of compounds of Formula V are commercially available. For example, when R² is H or methyl, the compounds of Formula V are PEG or mPEG compounds, respectively, which are commercially available from Aldrich of Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Fluka of Switzerland, and/or TC1 America of Portland, Oreg.

[0266] When R² is a lipophilic moiety such as, for example, higher alkyl, fatty acid, an ester of a fatty acid, cholesteryl, or adamantyl, the compounds of Formula V may be provided by various methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The compounds of Formula V are preferably provided as follows:

[0267] R² is a lipophilic moiety, preferably higher alkyl, fatty acid ester, cholesteryl, or adamantyl, more preferably a lower alkyl ester of a fatty acid, and most preferably an ethyl ester of a fatty acid having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.

[0268] R³ is H, benzyl, trityl, tetrahydropyran, or other alcohol protecting groups as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

[0269] X₂ ⁺ is a positive ion as described above with respect to X⁺.

[0270] The value of m is as described above.

[0271] Regarding reaction 4, a mixture of compounds of Formula VI is reacted with a mixture of compounds of Formula VII under reaction conditions similar to those described above with reference to reaction 1. The mixture of compounds of Formula VI is a substantially monodispersed mixture. Preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the compounds in the mixture of compounds of Formula VI have the same molecular weight. More preferably, the mixture of compounds of Formula VI is a monodispersed mixture. The mixture of compounds of Formula VII is a substantially monodispersed mixture. Preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the compounds in the mixture of compounds of Formula VII have the same molecular weight. More preferably, the mixture of compounds of Formula VII is a monodispersed mixture.

[0272] Regarding reaction 5, the compound of Formula VIII may be hydrolyzed to convert the R³ moiety into an alcohol by various methods as will be understood by those skilled in the art. When R³ is benzyl or trityl, the hydrolysis is preferably performed utilizing H₂ in the presence of a palladium-charcoal catalyst as is known by those skilled in the art. Of course, when R³ is H, reaction 5 is unnecessary.

[0273] The compound of Formula VI may be commercially available or be provided as described above with reference to reaction 3. The compound of Formula VII may be provided as described above with reference to reaction 2.

[0274] Substantially monodispersed mixtures of polymers comprising PEG moieties and having the structure of Formula III above can further be reacted with other substantially monodispersed polymers comprising PEG moieties in order to extend the PEG chain. For example, the following scheme may be employed:

[0275] Ms, m and n are as described above with reference to reaction 1; p is similar to n and m, and X₂ ⁺ is similar to X⁺ as described above with reference to reaction 1. Q is as described above with reference to reaction 3. R² is as described above with reference to reaction 1 and is preferably lower alkyl. R¹ is H. Reaction 6 is preferably performed in a manner similar to that described above with reference to reaction 3. Reaction 7 is preferably performed in a manner similar to that described above with reference to reaction 1. Preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the compounds in the mixture of compounds of Formula III have the same molecular weight, and, more preferably, the mixture of compounds of Formula III is a monodispersed mixture. The mixture of compounds of Formula X is a substantially monodispersed mixture. Preferably, at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the compounds in the mixture of compounds of Formula X have the same molecular weight, and, more preferably, the mixture of compounds of Formula X is a monodispersed mixture.

[0276] A process according to embodiments of the present invention is illustrated by the scheme shown in FIG. 1, which will now be described. The synthesis of substantially monodispersed polyethylene glycol-containing oligomers begins by the preparation of the monobenzyl ether (1) of a substantially monodispersed polyethylene glycol. An excess of a commercially available substantially monodispersed polyethylene glycol is reacted with benzyl chloride in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide as described by Coudert et al (Synthetic Communications, 16(1): 19-26 (1986)). The sodium salt of I is then prepared by the addition of NaH, and this sodium salt is allowed to react with the mesylate synthesized from the ester of a hydroxyalkanoic acid (2). The product (3) of the displacement of the mesylate is debenzylated via catalytic hydrogenation to obtain the alcohol (4). The mesylate (5) of this alcohol may be prepared by addition of methanesulfonyl chloride and used as the electrophile in the reaction with the sodium salt of the monomethyl ether of a substantially monodispersed polyethylene glycol derivative, thereby extending the polyethylene glycol portion of the oligomer to the desired length, obtaining the elongated ester (6). The ester may be hydrolyzed to the acid (7) in aqueous base and transformed into the activated ester (8) by reaction with a carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide. While the oligomer illustrated in FIG. 1 is activated using N-hydroxysuccinimide, it is to be understood that various other reagents may be used to activate oligomers of the present invention including, but not limited to, active phenyl chloroformates such as para-nitrophenyl chloroformate, phenyl chloroformate, 3,4-phenyldichlorofornate, and 3,4-phenyldichloroformate; tresylation; and acetal formation.

[0277] Still referring to FIG. 1, q is from 1 to 24. Preferably, q is from 1 to 18, and q is more preferably from 4 to 16. R⁴ is a moiety capable of undergoing hydrolysis to provide the carboxylic acid. R⁴ is preferably lower alkyl and is more preferably ethyl. The variables n and m are as described above with reference to reaction 1.

[0278] All starting materials used in the procedures described herein are either commercially available or can be prepared by methods known in the art using commercially available starting materials.

[0279] The present invention will now be described with reference to the following examples. It should be appreciated that these examples are for the purposes of illustrating aspects of the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

EXAMPLES Examples 1 through 10

[0280] Reactions in Examples 1 through 10 were carried out under nitrogen with magnetic stirring, unless otherwise specified. “Work-up” denotes extraction with an organic solvent, washing of the organic phase with saturated NaCl solution, drying (MgSO₄), and evaporation (rotary evaporator). Thin layer chromatography was conducted with Merck glass plates precoated with silica gel 60° F.—254 and spots were visualized by iodine vapor. All mass spectra were determined by Macromolecular Resources Colorado State University, CO and are reported in the order m/z, (relative intensity). Elemental analyses and melting points were performed by Galbraith Laboratories, Inc., Knoxville, Tenn. Examples 1-10 refer to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 2.

Example 1 8-Methoxy-1-(methylsulfonyl)oxy-3,6-dioxaoctane (9)

[0281] A solution of non-polydispersed triethylene glycol monomethyl ether molecules (4.00 mL, 4.19 g, 25.5 mmol) and triethylamine (4.26 nIL, 3.09 g, 30.6 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (50 mL) was chilled in an ice bath and place under a nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (2.37 mL, 3.51 g, 30.6 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (20 mL) was added dropwise from an addition fimnel. Ten minutes after the completion of the chloride addition, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and allowed to come to room temperature. The mixture was stirred for an additional hour, at which time TLC (CHCl₃ with 15% MeOH as the elutant) showed no remaining triethylene glycol monomethyl ether.

[0282] The reaction mixture was diluted with another 75 mL of dichloromethane and washed successively with saturated NaHCO₃, water and brine. The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a non-polydispersed mixture of compounds 9 as a clear oil (5.31 g, 86%).

Example 2 Ethylene glycol mono methyl ether (10) (m=4,5,6)

[0283] To a stirred solution of non-polydispersed compound 11 (35.7 mmol) in dry DMF (25.7 mL), under N₂ was added in portion a 60% dispersion of NaH in mineral oil, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. To this salt 12 was added a solution of non-polydispersed mesylate 9 (23.36) in dry DMF (4 ml) in a single portion, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 hours. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (12% CH₃OH—CHCl₃). The reaction mixture was diluted with an equal amount of 1N HCl, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 ml) and discarded. Extraction of aqueous solution and work-up gave non-polydispersed polymer 10 (82-84% yield).

Example 3 3,6,9,12,15,18,21-Heptaoxadocosanol (10) (m=4)

[0284] Oil; Rf 0.46 (methanol: chloroform=3:22); MS m/z calc'd for C₁₅H₃₂O₈ 340.21 (M⁺+1), found 341.2.

Example 4 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24-Octaoxapentacosanol (10) (m=5)

[0285] Oil; Rf 0.43 (methanol:chloroform=6:10); MS m/z calc'd for C₁₇H₃₆O₉ 384.24 (M⁺+1), found 385.3.

Example 5 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27-Nonaoxaoctacosanol (10) (m=6)

[0286] Oil; Rf 0.42 (methanol: chloroform=6:10); MS m/z calc'd for Cl₉H₄₀O₁₀ 428.26 (M⁺+1), found 429.3.

Example 6 20-methoxy--(methylsulfonyl)oxy-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaoxaeicosane (14)

[0287] Non-polydispersed compound 14 was obtained in quantitative yield from the alcohol 13 (m=4) and methanesulfonyl chloride as described for 9, as an oil; Rf 0.4 (ethyl acetate: acetonitrile=1:5); MS m/z calc'd for C₁₇H₃₇O₁₀ 433.21 (M⁺+1), found 433.469.

Example 7 Ethylene glycol mono methyl ether (15) (m=3,4,5)

[0288] The non-polydispersed compounds 15 were prepared from a diol by using the procedure described above for compound 10.

Example 8 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30-Decaoxaheneicosanol (15) (m=3)

[0289] Oil; Rf 0.41 (methanol: chloroform=6:10); MS m/z calc'd for C₂₁H₄₄O₁ 472.29 (M⁺+1), found 472.29.

Example 9 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33-Unecaoxatetratricosanol (15) (m=4)

[0290] Oil; Rf 0.41 (methanol: chloroform=6: 10); MS m/z calc'd for C₂₃H₄₈O₁₂ 516.31 (M⁺+1), found 516.31.

Example 10 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36-Dodecaoxaheptatricosanol (15) (m=5)

[0291] Oil; Rf 0.41 (methanol: chloroform=6:10); MS m/z calc'd for C₂₅H₅₂O₁₃ 560.67 (M⁺+1), found 560.67.

[0292] Examples 11 through 18 refer to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 3.

Example 11 Hexaethylene glycol monobenzyl ether (16)

[0293] An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution prepared by dissolving 3.99 g (100 mmol) NaOH in 4 ml water was added slowly to non-polydispersed hexaethylene glycol (28.175 g, 25 ml, 100 mmol). Benzyl chloride (3.9 g, 30.8 mmol, 3.54 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was heated with stirring to 100° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled, diluted with brine (250 ml) and extracted with methylene chloride (200 ml×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine once, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a dark brown oil. The crude product mixture was purified via flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient elution: ethyl acetate to 9/1 ethyl acetate/methanol) to yield 8.099 g (70%) of non-polydispersed 16 as a yellow oil.

Example 12 Ethyl 6-methylsulfonyloxyhexanoate (17)

[0294] A solution of non-polydispersed ethyl 6-hydroxyhexanoate (50.76 ml, 50.41 g, 227 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (75 ml) was chilled in a ice bath and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. Triethylamine (34.43 ml, 24.99 g, 247 mmol) was added. A solution of methanesulfonyl chloride (19.15 ml, 28.3 g, 247 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (75 ml) was added dropwise from an addition finnel. The mixture was stirred for three and one half hours, slowly being allowed to come to room temperature as the ice bath melted. The mixture was filtered through silica gel, and the filtrate was washed successively with water, saturated NaHCO₃, water and brine. The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a pale yellow oil. Final purification of the crude product was achieved by flash chromatography (silica gel, 1/1 hexanes/ethyl acetate) to give the non-polydispersed product (46.13 g, 85%) as a clear, colorless oil. FAB MS: m/e 239 (M+H), 193 (M—C₂H₅O).

Example 13 6-{2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-Benzyloxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-hexanoic acid ethyl ester (18)

[0295] Sodium hydride (3.225 g or a 60% oil dispersion, 80.6 mmol) was suspended in 80 ml of anhydrous toluene, placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooled in an ice bath. A solution of the non-polydispersed alcohol 16 (27.3 g, 73.3 mmol) in 80 ml dry toluene was added to the NaH suspension. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for thirty minutes, allowed to come to room temperature and stirred for another five hours, during which time the mixture became a clear brown solution. The non-polydispersed mesylate 17 (19.21 g, 80.6 mmol) in 80 ml dry toluene was added to the NaH/alcohol mixture, and the combined solutions were stirred at room temperature for three days. The reaction mixture was quenched with 50 ml methanol and filtered through basic alumina. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, gradient elution: 3/1 ethyl acetate/hexanes to ethyl acetate) to yield the non-polydispersed product as a pale yellow oil (16.52 g, 44%). FAB MS: m/e 515 (M+H).

Example 14 6-{2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-hexanoic acid ethyl ester (19)

[0296] Non-polydispersed benzyl ether 18 (1.03 g, 2.0 mmol) was dissolved in 25 ml ethanol. To this solution was added 270 mg 10% Pd/C, and the mixture was placed under a hydrogen atmosphere and stirred for four hours, at which time TLC showed the complete disappearance of the starting material. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite 545 to remove the catalyst, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear oil (0.67 g, 79%). FAB MS: m/e 425 (M+H), 447 (M+Na).

Example 15 6-{2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-methylsulfonylethoxy)ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy) -ethoxy]-ethoxy}-hexanoic acid ethyl ester (20)

[0297] The non-polydispersed alcohol 19 (0.835 g, 1.97 mmol) was dissolved in 3.5 ml dry dichloromethane and placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. Triethylamine (0.301 ml, 0.219 g, 2.16 mmol) was added and the mixture was chilled in an ice bath. After two minutes, the methanesulfonyl chloride (0.16 ml, 0.248 g, 2.16 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at 0° C., then at room temperature for two hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through silica gel to remove the triethylammonium chloride, and the filtrate was washed successively with water, saturated NaHCO₃, water and brine. The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 9/1 ethyl acetate/methanol) to give non-polydispersed compound 20 as a clear oil (0.819 g, 83%/). FAB MS: m/e 503 (M+H).

Example 16 6-(2-{2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-hexanoic acid ethyl ester (21)

[0298] NaH (88 mg of a 60% dispersion in oil, 2.2 nunol) was suspended in anhydrous toluene (3 ml) under N₂ and chilled to 0° C. Non-polydispersed diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (0.26 ml, 0.26 g, 2.2 mmol) that had been dried via azeotropic distillation with toluene was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for four hours, during which time the cloudy grey suspension became clear and yellow and then turned brown. Mesylate 20 (0.50 g, 1.0 mmol) in 2.5 ml dry toluene was added. After stirring at room temperature over night, the reaction was quenched by the addition of 2 ml of methanol and the resultant solution was filtered through silica gel. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the FAB MS: m/e 499 (M+H), 521 (M+Na). Additional purification by preparatory chromatography (silica gel, 19/3 chloroform/methanol) provided the non-polydispersed product as a clear yellow oil (0.302 g 57%). FAB MS: mle 527 (M+H), 549 (M+Na).

Example 17 6-(2-{2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy) -ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-hexanoic acid (22)

[0299] Non-polydispersed ester 21 (0.25 g, 0.46 mmol) was stirred for 18 hours in 0.71 ml of 1 N NaOH. After 18 hours, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo to remove the alcohol and the residue dissolved in a further 10 ml of water. The aqueous solution was acidified to pH 2 with 2 N HCl and the product was extracted into dichloromethane (30 ml×2). The combined organics were then washed with brine (25 ml×2), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield the non-polydispersed title compound as a yellow oil (0.147 g, 62%). FAB MS: m/e 499 (M+H), 521 (M+Na).

Example 18 6-(2-{2-[2-(2-{2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethoxy}-ethoxy)-hexanoic acid 2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester (23)

[0300] Non-polydispersed acid 22 (0.209 g, 0.42 mmol) were dissolved in 4 ml of dry dichloromethane and added to a dry flask already containing NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide) (57.8 mg, 0.502 mmol) and EDC (1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride) (98.0 mg, 0.502 mmol) under a N₂ atmosphere. The solution was stirred at room temperature overnight and filtered through silica gel to remove excess reagents and the urea formed from the EDC. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to provide the non-polydispersed product as a dark yellow oil (0.235 g, 94%). FAB MS: m/e 596 (M+H), 618 (M+Na).

[0301] Examples 19 through 24 refer to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 4.

Example 19 Mesylate of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (24)

[0302] To a solution of CH₂CI₂ (100 mL) cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath was added non-polydispersed triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (25 g, 0.15 mol). Then triethylamine (29.5 mL, 0.22 mol) was added and the solution was stirred for 15 min at 0° C., which was followed by dropwise addition of methanesulfonyl chloride (13.8 mL, 0.18 mol, dissolved in 20 mL CH₂Cl₂). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0° C., allowed to warrn to room temperature, and then stirred for 2 h. The crude reaction mixture was filtered through Celite (washed CH₂Cl₂˜200 mL), then washed with H₂O (300 mL), 5% NaHCO₃ (300 mL), H₂O (300 mL), sat. NaCl (300 mL), dried MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. The oil was then placed on a vacuum line for −2 h to ensure dryness and afforded the non-polydispersed title compound as a yellow oil (29.15 g, 80% yield).

Example 20 Heptaethylene glycol monomethyl ether (25)

[0303] To a solution of non-polydispersed tetraethylene glycol (51.5 g, 0.27 mol) in THF (1L) was added potassium t-butoxide (14.8 g, 0.13 mol, small portions over −30 min). The reaction mixture was then stirred for lh and then 24 (29.15 g, 0.12 mol) dissolved in THF (90 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The crude reaction mixture was filtered through Celite (washed CH₂Cl₂, ˜200 mL) and evaporated to dryness. The oil was then dissolved in HCl (250 mL, 1 N) and washed with ethyl acetate (250 mL) to remove excess 24. Additional washings of ethyl acetate (125 mL) may be required to remove remaining 24. The aqueous phase was washed repetitively with CH₂Cl₂ (125 mL volumes) until most of the 25 has been removed from the aqueous phase. The first extraction will contain 24, 25, and dicoupled side product and should be back extracted with HCl (125 mL, 1N). The organic layers were combined and evaporated to dryness. The resultant oil was then dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) and washed repetitively with H₂O (50 mL volumes) until 25 was removed. The aqueous fractions were combined, total volume 500 mL, and NaCl was added until the solution became cloudy and then was washed with CH₂Cl₂ (2×500 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness to afford a the non-polydispersed title compound as an oil (16.9 g, 41% yield). It may be desirable to repeat one or more steps of the purification procedure to ensure high purity.

Example 21 8-Bromooctoanate (26)

[0304] To a solution of 8-bromooctanoic acid (5.0 g, 22 mmol) in ethanol (100 mL) was added H₂SO₄ (0.36 mL, 7.5 mmol) and the reaction was heated to reflux with stirring for 3 h. The crude reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and washed H₂O (100 mL), sat. NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL), H₂O (100 mL), dried MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness to afford a clear oil (5.5 g, 98% yield).

Example 22 Synthesis of MPEG7-C₈ ester (27)

[0305] To a solution of the non-polydispersed compound 25 (3.0 g, 8.8 mmol) in ether (90 mL) was added potassium t-butoxide (1.2 g, 9.6 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. Then dropwise addition of the non-polydispersed compound 26 (2.4 g, 9.6 mmol), dissolved in ether (10 mL), was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The crude reaction mixture was filtered through Celite (washed CH₂Cl₂, ˜200 mL) and evaporated to dryness. The resultant oil was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed H₂O (2×200 mL), dried MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. Column chromatography (Silica, ethyl acetate to ethyl acetate/methanol, 10:1) was performed and afforded the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear oil (0.843 g, 19% yield).

Example 23 MPEG7-C₈ acid (28)

[0306] To the oil of the non-polydispersed compound 27 (0.70 g, 1.4 mmol) was added 1N NaOH (2.0 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated, acidified (pH˜2), saturated with NaCl, and washed CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed sat. NaCl, dried MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness to afford the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear oil (0.35 g, 53% yield).

Example 24 Activation of MPEG7-C₈ acid (29)

[0307] Non-polydispersed mPEG7-C₈-acid 28 (0.31g, 0.64 mmol) was dissolved in 3 ml of anhydrous methylene chloride and then solution of N-hydroxysuccinimide (0.079g, 0.69 rnmol) and EDCI-HCl (135.6 mg, 0.71 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride added. Reaction was stirred for several hours, then washed with iN HCl, water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. Crude material was purified by column chromatography, concentrated to afford the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear oil and dried via vacuum.

[0308] Examples 25 through 29 refer to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 5.

Example 25 10-hydroxydecanoate (30)

[0309] To a solution of non-polydispersed 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (5.0 g, 26.5 mmol) in ethanol (100 mL) was added H₂SO₄ (0.43 mL, 8.8 mmol) and the reaction was heated to reflux with stirring for 3 h. The crude reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and washed H₂O (100 mL), sat. NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL), H₂O (100 mL), dried MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness to afford the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear oil (6.9 g, 98% yield).

Example 26 Mesylate of 10-hydroxydecanoate (31)

[0310] To a solution of CH₂Cl₂ (27 mL) was added non-polydispersed 10-hydroxydecanoate 30 (5.6 g, 26 mmol) and cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. Then triethylamine (5 mL, 37 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at 0° C. Then methanesulfonyl chloride (2.7 mL, 24 mmol) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, the ice bath was removed and the reaction was stirred for an additional 2 h at room temperature. The crude reaction mixture was filtered through Celite (washed CH₂Cl₂, 80 mL) and the filtrate was washed H₂O (100 mL), 5% NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL), H₂O (100 mL), sat. NaCl (100 mL), dried MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness to afford the non-polydispersed title compound as a yellowish oil (7.42 g, 97% yield).

Example 27 MPEG₇-C₁₀ Ester (32)

[0311] To a solution of non-polydispersed heptaethylene glycol monomethyl ether 25 (2.5 g, 7.3 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) was added sodium hydride (0.194 g, 8.1 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. Then dropwise addition of mesylate of non-polydispersed 10-hydroxydecanoate 31 (2.4 g, 8.1 mmol), dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL), was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The crude reaction mixture was filtered through Celite (washed CH₂Cl₂, 200 mL) and evaporated to dryness. The resultant oil was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed H₂O (2×200 mL), dried MgSO₄, evaporated to dryness, chromatographed (silica, ethyl acetate/methanol, 10:1), and chromatographed (silica, ethyl acetate) to afford the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear oil (0.570 g, 15% yield).

Example 28 MPEG₇-C₁₀ Acid (33)

[0312] To the oil of non-polydispersed mnPEG₇-C₁₀ ester 32 (0.570 g, 1.1 mmol) was added 1N NaOH (1.6 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated, acidified (pH-2), saturated with NaCl, and washed CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed sat. NaCl (2×50 mL), dried MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness to afford the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear oil (0.340 g, 62% yield).

Example 29 Activation of MPEG₇-C₁₀ Acid (34)

[0313] The non-polydispersed acid 33 was activated using procedures similar to those described above in Example 24.

[0314] Examples 30 and 31 refer to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 6.

Example 30 Synthesis of C₁₈(PEG6) Oligomer (36)

[0315] Non-polydispersed stearoyl chloride 35 (0.7 g, 2.31 mnnol) was added slowly to a mixture of PEG6 (5 g, 17.7 mmol) and pyridine (0.97 g, 12.4 mmol) in benzene. The reaction mixture was stirred for several hours (˜5). The reaction was followed by TLC using ethylacetate/methanol as a developing solvent. Then the reaction mixture was washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, concentrated and dried via vacuum. Purified non-polydispersed compound 36 was analyzed by FABMS: m/e 549/ M⁺H.

Example 31 Activation of C₁₈(PEG6) Oligomer

[0316] Activation of non-polydispersed C₁₈(PEG6) oligomer was accomplished in two steps:

[0317] 1) Non-polydispersed stearoyl-PEG6 36 ( 0.8 g, 1.46 mmol ) was dissolved in toluene and added to a phosgene solution (10 ml, 20% in toluene) which was cooled with an ice bath. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. and then for 3 h at room temperature. Then phosgene and toluene were distilled off and the remaining non-polydispersed stearoyl PEG6 chloroformate 37 was dried over P₂O₅ overnight.

[0318] 2) To a solution of non-polydispersed stearoyl PEG6 chloroformate 36 ( 0.78 g, 1.27 mmol) and TEA (128 mg, 1.27 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride, N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) solution in methylene chloride was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours, then washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated and dried via vacuum to provide the non-polydispersed activated C18(PEG6) oligomer 38.

[0319] Examples 32 through 37 refer to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 7.

Example 32 Tetraethylene glycol monobenzylether (39)

[0320] To the oil of non-polydispersed tetraethylene glycol (19.4 g, 0.10 mol) was added a solution of NaOH (4.0 g in 4.0 mL) and the reaction was stirred for 15 mm. Then benzyl chloride (3.54 mL, 30.8 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with sat. NaCl (250 mL), and washed CH₂Cl₂ (2×200 mL). The organic layers were combined, washed sat. NaCl, dried MgSO₄, and chromatographed (silica, ethyl acetate) to afford the non-polydispersed title compound as a yellow oil (6.21 g, 71% yield).

Example 33 Mesylate of tetraethylene glycol monobenzylether (40)

[0321] To a solution of CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added non-polydispersed tetraethylene glycol monobenzylether 39 (6.21 g, 22 mmol) and cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. Then triethylamine (3.2 mL, 24 mmnol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min at 0° C. Then methanesulfonyl chloride (1.7 mL, 24 mnnol) dissolved in CH₂CI₂ (2 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min, the ice bath was removed and the reaction was stirred for an additional 2 h at room temperature. The crude reaction mixture was filtered through Celite (washed CH₂CI₂, 80 mL) and the filtrate was washed H₂O (100 mL), 5% NaHCO₃ (2×100 mL), H₂O (100 mL), sat. NaCl (100 mL), and dried MgSO₄. The resulting yellow oil was chromatographed on a pad of silica containing activated carbon (10 g) to afford the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear oil (7.10 g, 89% yield).

Example 34 Octaethylene glycol monobenzylether (41)

[0322] To a solution of tetrahydrofuran (140 mL) containing sodium hydride (0.43 g, 18 mmol) was added dropwise a solution of non-polydispersed tetraethylene glycol (3.5 g, 18 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. Then mesylate of non-polydispersed tetraethylene glycol monobenzylether 40 (6.0 g, 16.5 mmol) dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The crude reaction mixture was filtered through Celite (washed, CH₂Cl₂, 250 mL) and the filtrate was washed H₂O, dried MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. The resultant oil was chromatographed (silica, ethyl acetate/methanol, 10:1) and chromatographed (silica, chloroform/methanol, 25:1) to afford the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear oil (2.62 g, 34% yield).

Example 35 Synthesis of Stearate PEG8-Benzyl (43)

[0323] To a stirred cooled solution of non-polydispersed octaethylene glycol monobenzylether 41 (0.998 g, 2.07 mmol) and pyridine (163.9 mg, 2.07 mmol) was added non-polydispersed stearoyl chloride 42 (627.7 mg, 2.07 mmol) in benzene. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight (18 hours). The next day the reaction mixture was washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, concentrated and dried via vacuum. Then the crude product was chromatographed on flash silica gel column, using 10% methanol/90% chloroform. The fractions containing the product were combined, concentrated and dried via vacuum to afford the non-polydispersed title compound.

Example 36 Hydrogenolysis of Stearate-PEG8-Benzyl

[0324] To a methanol solution of non-polydispersed stearate-PEG8-Bzl 43 (0.854 g 1.138 mmol ) Pd/C(10%) (palladium, 10% wt. on activated carbon) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight (18 hours) under hydrogen. Then the solution was filtered, concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography using 10% methanol/90% chloroform, fractions with R_(f)=0.6 collected, concentrated and dried to provide the non-polydispersed acid 44.

Example 37 Activation of C₁₈(PEG8) Oligomer

[0325] Two step activation of non-polydispersed stearate-PEG8 oligomer was performed as described for stearate-PEG6 in Example 31 above to provide the non-polydispersed activated C₁₈(PEG8) oligomer 45.

Example 38 Synthesis of Activated Triethylene Glycol Monomethyl Oligomers

[0326] The following description refers to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 8. A solution of toluene containing 20% phosgene (100 ml, approximately 18.7 g, 189 mmol phosgene) was chilled to 0° C. under a N₂ atmosphere. Non-polydispersed mTEG (triethylene glycol, monomethyl ether, 7.8 g, 47.5 mmol) was dissolved in 25 mL anhydrous ethyl acetate and added to the chilled phosgene solution. The mixture was stirred for one hour at 0° C., then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for another two and one half hours. The remaining phosgene, ethyl acetate and toluene were removed via vacuum distillation to leave the non-polydispersed mTEG chloroformate 46 as a clear oily residue.

[0327] The non-polydispersed residue 46 was dissolved in 50 mL of dry dichloromethane to which was added TEA (triethyleamine, 6.62 mL, 47.5 mmol) and NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide, 5.8 g, 50.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under a dry atmosphere for twenty hours during which time a large amount of white precipitate appeared. The mixture was filtered to remove this precipitate and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant oil 47 was taken up in dichloromethane and washed twice with cold deionized water, twice with 1N HCl and once with brine. The organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to provide the non-polydispersed title compound as a clear, light yellow oil. If necessary, the NHS ester could be further purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc as the elutant.

Example 39 Synthesis of Activated Palmitate-TEG Oligomers

[0328] The following description refers to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 9. Non-polydispersed palmitic anhydride (5 g; 10 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (20 mL) and stirred at room temperature. To the stirring solution, 3 mol excess of pyridine was added followed by non-polydispersed triethylene glycol (1.4 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour (progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC; ethyl acetate-chloroform; 3:7). At the end of the reaction, THF was removed and the product was mixed with 10% H₂SO₄ acid and extracted ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined extract was washed sequentially with water, brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated to give non-polydispersed product 48. A solution of N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate (3 mmol) in DMF (˜10 mL) is added to a solution of the non-polydispersed product 48 (1 mmol) in 10 mL of anydrous DMF while stirring. Sodium hydride (3 mmol) is added slowly to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is stirred for several hours (e.g., 5 hours). Diethyl ether is added to precipitate the activated oligomer. This process is repeated 3 times and the product is finally dried.

Example 40 Synthesis of Activated Hexaethylene Glycol Mono methyl Oligomers

[0329] The following description refers to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 10. Non-polydispersed activated hexaethylene glycol monomethyl ether was prepared analogously to that of non-polydispersed triethylene glycol in Example 39 above. A 20% phosgene in toluene solution (35 mL, 6.66 g, 67.4 mmol phosgene) was chilled under a N₂ atmosphere in an ice/salt water bath. Non-polydispersed hexaethylene glycol 50 (1.85 mL, 2.0 g, 6.74 mrnol) was dissolved in 5 mL anhydrous EtOAc and added to the phosgene solution via syringe. The reaction mixture was kept stirring in the ice bath for one hour, removed and stirred a fuirther 2.5 hours at room temperature. The phosgene, EtOAc, and toluene were removed by vacuum distillation, leaving non-polydispersed compound 51 as a clear, oily residue.

[0330] The non-polydispersed residue 51 was dissolved in 20 mL dry dichloromethane and placed under a dry, inert atmosphere. Triethylamine (0.94 mL, 0.68 g, 6.7 mmol) and then NHS (N-hydroxy succinimide, 0.82 g, 7.1 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The mixture was filtered through silica gel to remove the white precipitate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in dichloromethane and washed twice with cold water, twice with 1 N HCl and once with brine. The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. Final purification was done via flash chromatography (silica gel, EtOAc) to obtain the UV active non-polydispersed NHS ester 52.

Example 41 Synthesis of Insulin-Oligomer Conjugates

[0331] To human insulin (zinc or zinc free, 2 g, 0.344 mmol based on dry weight) in 25 mL dimethylsulfoxide (>99% purity) at 22±4° C. was added 8 mL triethyl amine (>99% purity). The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 to 10 minutes at 22±4° C. To the above was rapidly added the activated oligomer of Example 18 above (0.188 g, 0.36 mmol based on 100% activation) in 7.5 mL acetonitrile under stirring at 22±4° C. The solution was stirred for 45 minutes and quenched with acetic acid solution with maintaining the temperature below 27° C. The reaction was monitored by analytical HPLC. This reaction condition produces PEG7-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugated at the B29 position (PEG7-hexyl-insulin, B29 monoconjugated) at yield 40-60%. The crude reaction mixture (PEG7-hexyl-insulin, B29 monoconjugated, 40-60%, unreacted insulin 8-25%, related substances 15-35%) was dialyzed or difiltered (3000-3500 molecular weight cut off, MWCO) to remove organic solvents and small molecular weight impurities, exchanged against ammonium acetate buffer and lyophilized.

[0332] The conjugation reaction of PEG7-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugated at the B29 position, was monitored by analytical HPLC. This analytical HPLC method used a Waters Delta-Pak C18 column, 150×3.9 mm I.D., 5 μm, 300 Å. The solvent system consisted of Solvent B: 0.1% TFA in 50/50 methanol/water, and Solvent D: 0.1% TFA in methanol. The gradient system was as follows: Flow rate Time (min) % Solvent B % Solvent D (mL/min) Initial (0) 100 0 1.00 20  40 60  1.00 25 100 0 1.00

Example 42

[0333] The procedure of Example 41 is used to conjugate human insulin with the activated oligomer of Example 24.

Example 43

[0334] The procedure of Example 41 is used to conjugate human insulin with the activated oligomer of Example 31.

Example 44

[0335] The procedure of Example 41 is used to conjugate human insulin with the activated oligomer of Example 37.

Example 46

[0336] The procedure of Example 41 is used to conjugate human insulin with the activated oligomer of Example 38.

Example 47

[0337] The procedure of Example 41 is used to conjugate human insulin with the activated oligomer of Example 39.

Example 48

[0338] The procedure of Example 41 is used to conjugate human insulin with the activated oligomer of Example 40.

Example 49 Determination of the Dispersity Coefficient for a Mixture of Human Insulin-Oligomer Conjugates

[0339] The dispersity coefficient of a mixture of human insulin-oligomer conjugates is determined as follows. A mixture of human insulin-oligomer conjugates is provided, for example as described above in Example 41. A first sample of the mixture is purified via HPLC to separate and isolate the various human insulin-oligomer conjugates in the sample. Assuming that each isolated fraction contains a purely monodispersed mixture of conjugates, “n” is equal to the number of fractions collected. The mixture may include one or more of the following conjugates, which are described by stating the conjugation position followed by the degree of conjugation: GlyA monoconjugate; Phe^(B1) monoconjugate; Lys^(B29) monoconjugate; Gly^(A1), Phe^(B1) diconjugate; Gly^(A1), Lys^(B29) diconjugate; Phe^(B1), Lys^(B29) diconjugate; and/or GIy^(A1), Phe^(B1), Lys^(B29) triconjugate. Each isolated fraction of the mixture is analyzed via mass spectroscopy to determine the mass of the fraction, which allows each isolated fraction to be categorized as a mono-, di-, or tri-conjugate and provides a value for the variable “M_(i)” for each conjugate in the sample.

[0340] A second sample of the mixture is analyzed via HPLC to provide an HPLC trace. Assuming that the molar absorptivity does not change as a result of the conjugation, the weight percent of a particular conjugate in the mixture is provided by the area under the peak of the BPLC trace corresponding to the particular conjugate as a percentage of the total area under all peaks of the HPLC trace. The sample is collected and lyophilized to dryness to determine the anhydrous gram weight of the sample. The gram weight of the sample is multiplied by the weight percent of each component in the sample to determine the gram weight of each conjugate in the sample. The variable “N_(i)” is determined for a particular conjugate (the i^(th) conjugate) by dividing the gram weight of the particular conjugate in the sample by the mass of the particular conjugate and multiplying the quotient by Avagadro's number (6.02205×10²³ moles⁻¹), M_(i), determined above, to give the number of molecules of the particular conjugate, N_(i), in the sample. The dispersity coefficient is then calculated using n, M_(i) as determined for each conjugate, and N_(i) as determined for each conjugate.

Example 50 Purification of B29 Modified PEG7-Hexyl-Insulin, Monoconjugate, from the Crude Mixture

[0341] PEG7-hexyl-insulin, B29 monoconjugated, was purified from the crude mixture of Example 41 using a preparative HPLC system. Lyophilized crude mixture (0.5 g, composition: PEG7-hexyl-insulin, B29 monoconjugated, 40-60%, unreacted insulin 8-25%, related substances 15-35%) was dissolved in 5-10 mL 0.01 M ammonium acetate buffer, pH 7.4 and loaded to a C-18 reverse phase HPLC column (150×3.9 mm) equilibrated with 0.5% triethylamine/0.5% phosphoric acid buffer TEAP A). The column was eluted with a gradient flow using TEAP A and TEAP B (80% acetonitrile and 20% TEAP A) solvent system. The gradient system for preparative HPLC purification of PEG7-hexyl-insulin, B29 monoconjugate, from the crude mixture was as follows: Time Flow rate (min) % TEAP A % TEAP B (mL/min) Initial (0) 70 30 30  45 64 36 30 105 60 40 30 115 40 60 30 125 15 85 30 135 15 85 30

[0342] Fractions were analyzed by HPLC and the product fractions that were >97% purity of PEG7-hexyl-insulin, B29 monoconjugate, were pooled. The elution buffer and solvent were removed by dialysis or diafiltration (MWCO 3000-3500) against ammonium acetate buffer (0.01 M, pH 7.4) and exchanged into ammonium acetate buffer and lyophilized to produce white powder of PEG7-hexyl-insulin, B29 monoconjugate (purity >97%).

[0343] An analytical HPLC method using the same column and solvent system as the method used in Example 41 to monitor the reaction was used for analysis of PEG7-hexyl-insulin, B29 monoconjugate. However, the gradient conditions were as follows: Flow rate Time (min) % Solvent B % Solvent D (mL/min) Initial (0) 100 0 1.00 30  10 90  1.00 35 100 0 1.00

Example 51 Cytosensor Studies

[0344] Colo 205 (colorectal adenocarcinoma cells from ATCC, catalog #CCL-222) cells that had been serum-deprived for approximately 18 hours were suspended in 3:1 Cytosensor low-buffer RPMI-1640 media: Cytosensor agarose entrapment media and seeded into Cytosensor capsule cups at 100,000 cells/10 μL droplet. Cells were allowed to equilibrate on the Cytosensor to the low-buffer RPMI-1640 media at a flow rate of 100 μL per minute for approximately 3 hours until baseline acidification rates were stable. Insulin drugs (insulin or insulin conjugates) were diluted to 50nM in low-buffer RPMI-1640 media and applied to the cells for 20 minutes at 100 μL/minute. Following the exposure, the drug solutions were withdrawn and the cells were again perfused under the continuous flow of low-buffer media alone. Data collection continued until acidification rates returned to baseline levels (approximately one hour from application of drug solutions). The results are illustrated in FIG. 14. As used in FIG. 14, insulin is human insulin; PEG4 is a non-polydispersed mixture of mPEG4-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugates; PEG10 is a non-polydispersed mixture of mPEGlO-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugates; PEG7 is a non-polydispersed mixture of mPEG7-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugates; PEG7_(AVG) is a polydispersed mixture of mPEG7_(AVG)-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugates.

Example 52 Enzymatic Stability

[0345] Chymotrypsin digests were conducted in a phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37° C. in a shaking water bath. The insulin/insulin conjugate concentration was 0.3 mg/mL. The chymotrypsin concentration was 2 Units/mL. 100 μL samples were removed at the indicated time points and quenched with 25 μL of a 1:1 mixture of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid:isopropyl alcohol. Samples were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC and the relative concentrations of insulin/insulin conjugate were determined by calculating the areas under the curves.

[0346] As used in FIG. 15, insulin is human insulin; PEG4 is a non-polydispersed mixture of mPEG4-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugates; PRG10 is a non-polydispersed mixture of mPEG10-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugates; PEG7 is a non-polydispersed mixture of mPEG7-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugates; PEG7_(AVG) is a polydispersed mixture of mPEG7_(AVG)-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugates.

Example 53 Dose Dependent Activity

[0347] An effective animal model for evaluating formulations uses normal fasted beagle dogs. These dogs are given from 0.25 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg of insulin conjugates to evaluate the efficacy of various formulations. This model was used to demonstrate that insulin conjugates according to the present invention provide lower glucose levels in a dose dependent manner better than polydispersed insulin conjugates, which are not part of the present invention and are provided for comparison purposes.

[0348] The protocol for dog experiments calls for a blood glucose measurement at time zero just before a drug is administered. The formulation in solid oral dosage form is then inserted into the dog's mouth. Blood is drawn at 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and glucose levels are measured and graphed. The lower the glucose levels, the better the activity of the insulin conjugate. In FIG. 16, the glucose lowering, and thus the activity, of the conjugates of the present invention is shown to be dose dependent. For comparison purposes, FIG. 17 shows that the glucose lowering of polydispersed insulin conjugates in a capsule formulation, which are not a part of the present invention, is less dose dependent than conjugates of the present invention.

Example 54 Activity and Inter-Subject Variability

[0349] An effective animal model for evaluating formulations uses normal fasted beagle dogs. These dogs are given 0.25 mg/kg of insulin conjugates to evaluate the efficacy of various formulations. This model was used to demonstrate that insulin conjugates according to the present invention provide lower inter-subject variability and better activity than polydispersed insulin conjugates, which are not part of the present invention but are provided for comparison purposes.

[0350] The protocol for dog experiments calls for a blood glucose measurement at time zero just before a drug is administered. The oral liquid dosage formulation is then squirted into the back of the dog's mouth. In each case, the dogs received 0.25 mg/kg of this solution. Blood is drawn at 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and glucose levels are measured and graphed. The lower the glucose levels, the better the activity of the insulin conjugate. In FIGS. 18, 19 and 20, the results obtained with PEG4-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugate; PEG7-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugate; and PRG10-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugate, respectively, show these PEG conjugates of the present invention result in less inter-subject variability and higher activity than the results shown in FIG. 21 for the polydispersed PEG7_(AVG)-hexyl-insulin, monoconjugate, which is not a part of the present invention and is provided for comparison purposes.

[0351] In the specification, there has been disclosed typical preferred embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A mixture of conjugates each comprising an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety, wherein the mixture has a dispersity coefficient (DC) greater than 10,000 where ${DC} = \frac{\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}^{2}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}N_{i}}}} - \left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}$

wherein: n is the number of different molecules in the sample; N_(i) is the number of i^(th) molecules in the sample; and M_(i) is the mass of the i^(th) molecule.
 2. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the dispersity coefficient is greater than 100,000.
 3. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the dispersity coefficient is greater than 500,000.
 4. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 2, 3 or 4 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 5. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 5 or 6 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 6. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 7. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the insulin drug is human insulin and the oligomer is covalently coupled to Lys^(B29) of the human insulin and has the formula:


8. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the mixture has an in vivo activity that is greater than the in vivo activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture.
 9. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the mixture has an in vitro activity that is greater than the in vitro activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture.
 10. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the mixture has an increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin when compared to the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture.
 11. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the mixture has an inter-subject variability that is less than the inter-subject variability of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the mixture.
 12. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the insulin drug is insulin.
 13. The mixture according to claim 12, wherein the oligomer is covalently coupled to an amine function of the insulin.
 14. The mixture according to claim 13, wherein the amine function is at Lys^(B29) of the insulin.
 15. The mixture according to claim 12, wherein the conjugate comprises a first oligomer and a second oligomer.
 16. The mixture according to claim 15, wherein the first oligomer is covalently coupled at Lys^(B29) of the insulin and the second oligomer is covalently coupled at N-terminal A1 or N-terminal B1 of the insulin.
 17. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the insulin drug is covalently coupled to the oligomer.
 18. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the insulin drug is covalently coupled to the oligomer by a hydrolyzable bond.
 19. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the insulin is covalently coupled to the polyethylene glycol moiety of the oligomer.
 20. The mixture according to claim 19, wherein the oligomer further comprises a lipophilic moiety covalently coupled to the polyethylene glycol moiety.
 21. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the oligomer further comprises a lipophilic moiety.
 22. The mixture according to claim 21, wherein the insulin drug is covalently coupled to the lipophilic moiety.
 23. The mixture according to claim 21, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety is covalently coupled to the lipophilic moiety.
 24. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the conjugate comprises a first oligomer and a second oligomer.
 25. The mixture according to claim 24, wherein the first and the second oligomers are the same.
 26. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the oligomer comprises a first polyethylene glycol moiety covalently coupled to the insulin by a non-hydrolyzable bond and a second polyethylene glycol moiety covalently coupled to the first polyethylene glycol moiety by a hydrolyzable bond.
 27. The mixture according to claim 26, wherein the oligomer further comprises a lipophilic moiety covalently coupled to the second polyethylene glycol moiety.
 28. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the conjugates are each amphiphilically balanced such that each conjugate is aqueously soluble and able to penetrate biological membranes.
 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: the mixture according to claim 1; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 30. A method of treating insulin deficiency in a subject in need of such treatment, said method comprising: administering an effective amount of a mixture of conjugates each comprising an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer comprising a polyethylene glycol moiety, wherein the mixture has a dispersity coefficient (DC) greater than 10,000 where ${DC} = \frac{\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}^{2}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}N_{i}}}} - \left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{N_{i}M_{i}}} \right)^{2}}$

wherein: n is the number of different molecules in the sample; N_(i) is the number of i^(th) molecules in the sample; and M_(i) is the mass of the i^(th) molecule; to the subject to treat the insulin deficiency.
 31. A substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates, each conjugate comprising an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety.
 32. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 2, 3 or 4 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 33. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 5 or 6 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 34. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 35. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the conjugates in the mixture have the same molecular weight.
 36. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein the mixture is a monodispersed mixture.
 37. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein the mixture is a substantially purely monodispersed mixture.
 38. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein at least about 96, 97, 98 or 99 percent of the conjugates in the mixture have the same molecular weight and have the same molecular structure.
 39. The mixture according to claim 31, wherein the mixture is a purely monodispersed mixture.
 40. A substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates each comprising human insulin covalently coupled at Lys^(B29) of the human insulin to the carboxylic acid moiety of a carboxylic acid, which is covalently coupled at the end distal to the carboxylic acid moiety to a methyl terminated polyethylene glycol moiety having at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 41. The substantially monodispersed mixture according to claim 40, wherein the conjugates each consist of human insulin covalently coupled at Lys^(B29) of the human insulin to the carboxylic acid moiety of hexanoic acid, which is covalently coupled at the end distal to the carboxylic acid moiety to a methyl terminated polyethylene glycol moiety having 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 42. A substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates each comprising an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety, said mixture having an in vivo activity that is greater than the in vivo activity of a polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates having the same number average molecular weight as the substantially monodispersed mixture.
 43. The mixture according to claim 42, further having an in vitro activity that is greater than the in vitro activity of the polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates.
 44. The mixture according to claim 42, further having an increased resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin when compared to the resistance to degradation by chymotrypsin of the polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates.
 45. The mixture according to claim 42, further having an inter-subject variability that is less than the inter-subject variability of the polydispersed mixture of insulin drug-oligomer conjugates.
 46. A mixture of conjugates each comprising an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety, said mixture having a molecular weight distribution with a standard deviation of less than about 22 Daltons.
 47. The mixture according to claim 46, wherein the standard deviation of the molecular weight distribution is less than about 14 Daltons.
 48. The mixture according to claim 46, wherein the standard deviation of the molecular weight distribution is less than about 11 Daltons.
 49. The mixture according to claim 46, wherein the insulin drug is human insulin and each oligomer is covalently coupled to Lys^(B29) of the human insulin and has the formula:


50. A mixture of conjugates in which each conjugate: comprises an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer; and has the same number of polyethylene glycol subunits.
 51. The mixture according to claim 50, wherein the insulin drug is human insulin and each oligomer is covalently coupled to Lys^(B29) of the human insulin and has the formula:


52. A mixture of conjugates in which each conjugate is the same and has the formula: Insun Drug—[B—L_(j)—G_(k)—R—G′_(m)—R′—G″_(n)—T]_(p)  (A) wherein: B is a bonding moiety; L is a linker moiety; G, G′ and G″ are individually selected spacer moieties; R is a lipophilic moiety and R′ is a polyalkylene glycol moiety, or R′ is the lipophilic moiety and R is the polyalkylene glycol moiety; T is a terminating moiety; j, k, m and n are individually 0 or 1; and p is an integer from 1 to the number of nucleophilic residues on the insulin drug.
 53. The mixture according to claim 52, wherein the polyalkylene glycol group is a polyethylene glycol moiety.
 54. The mixture according to claim 53, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 2, 3 or 4 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 55. The mixture according to claim 53, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety has at least 5 or 6 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 56. The mixture according to claim 53, wherein the polyalkylene glycol moiety is a polyethylene glycol moiety having at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits.
 57. The mixture according to claim 53, wherein: R is alkyl or alkylene; R′ is polyethylene glycol having at least 7 polyethylene glycol subunits; T is alkyl; j is 1; and k, m and n are
 0. 58. The mixture according to claim 53, wherein: B is carbonyl; R is C₅ alkylene; R′ is polyethylene glycol having 7 polyethylene glycol subunits; T is methoxy; and k, m and n are
 0. 59. A process for synthesizing a substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates each conjugate comprising an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety, said process comprising: reacting a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula I: R¹(OC₂H₄)_(m)—O⁻X⁺  (I) wherein R¹ is H or a lipophilic moiety; m is from 1 to 25; and X⁺ is a positive ion, with a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula II: R²(OC₂H₄)_(n)—OMs  (II) wherein R² is H or a lipophilic moiety; and n is from 1 to 25, under conditions sufficient to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising polymers having the structure of Formula III: R²(OC₂H₄)_(m+n)—OR¹  (III); activating the substantially monodispersed mixture comprising polymers of Formula III to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture of activated polymers capable of reacting with an insulin drug; and reacting the substantially monodispersed mixture of activated polymers with a 20 substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin drugs under conditions sufficient to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture of conjugates each comprising an insulin drug coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety with m+n subunits.
 60. The process according to claim 59, wherein R² is a fatty acid moiety or an ester of a fatty acid moiety.
 61. The process according to claim 60, wherein the fatty acid moiety or the ester of a fatty acid moiety comprises an alkyl moiety at least 5 carbon atoms in length.
 62. The process according to claim 59, wherein R¹ is a methyl group.
 63. The process according to claim 59, further comprising: reacting a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula V: R²(OC₂H₄)_(n)—OH  (V) with a methanesulfonyl halide under conditions sufficient to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula II: R²(OC₂H₄)_(n)—OMs  (II).
 64. The process according to claim 63, further comprising: reacting a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula VI: R²—OMs  (VI) wherein R² is a lipophilic moiety; with a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula VII: R³(OC₂H₄)_(m)—O⁻X₂ ²  (VII) wherein R³ is benzyl, trityl, or THP; and X₂ ⁺ is a positive ion; under conditions sufficient to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula VIII: R³(OC₂H₄)_(m)—OR²  (VIII); and reacting the substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula VIII under conditions sufficient to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula V: R²(OC₂H₄)_(m)—OH  (V).
 65. The process according to claim 59, further comprising: reacting a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula IV: R¹(OC₂H₄)_(n)—OH  (IV) under conditions sufficient to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture comprising compounds having the structure of Formula I: R¹(OC₂H₄)_(n)—O⁻X⁺  (I).
 66. The process according to claim 59, wherein the activating of the substantially monodispersed mixture comprises reacting the substantially monodispersed mixture of polymers of Formula III with N-hydroxy succinimide to provide an activated polymer capable of reacting with an insulin drug.
 67. The process according to claim 59, wherein the insulin drug is human insulin, and wherein the reacting of the substantially monodispersed mixture of activated polymers with a substantially monodispersed mixture of insulin comprises: reacting the substantially monodispersed mixture of activated polymers with Lys^(B29) of the human insulin to provide a substantially monodispersed mixture of monoconjugates each comprising a human insulin coupled to an oligomer that comprises a polyethylene glycol moiety with m+n subunits. 